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DEATHS:  1898 MOREAU — 1684 COQUES — 1855 ISABEY —1837 MIGLIARA
BIRTH: 1884 MEIDNER

^ Died on 18 April 1898: Gustave Moreau, French Symbolist painter born on 06 April 1826. He was a strongly individual artist whose highly wrought interpretations of mythical and religious scenes were widely admired during his lifetime.
— (A ne pas confondre avec Moreau-Vaches ni même avec Adrien Moreau.[18 Apr 1843 – 22 Feb 1906])
— His students included Henri Matisse [31 Dec 1869 – 03 Nov 1954], Georges Rouault [27 May 1871 – Feb 1948], Albert Marquet [27 Mar 1875 – 13 Jun 1947], Henri Manguin [23 Mar 1874 – 25 Sep 1949], Louis Valtat [1869-1952], Pierre Bonnaud [1865-1930], and Charles Hoffbauer [28 Jun 1875 – 1957].
— Moreau became one of the leading Symbolist artists. He was a student of Chassériau and was influenced by his master's exotic Romanticism, but Moreau went far beyond him in his feeling for the bizarre and developed a style that is highly distinctive in subject and technique. His preference was for mystically intense images evoking long-dead civilizations and mythologies, treated with an extraordinary sensuousness, his paint encrusted and jewel-like. Although he had some success at the Salon, he had no need to court this as he had private means, and much of his life was spent in seclusion. In 1892 he became a professor at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts and proved an inspired teacher, bringing out his students' individual talents rather than trying to impose ideas on them. His students included Marquet and Matisse, but his favorite was Rouault, who
became the first curator of the Moreau Museum in Paris (the artist's house), which Moreau left to the nation on his death.
— Moreau's figures are ambiguous; it is hardly possible to distinguish at the first glance which of two lovers is the man, which the woman; all his characters are linked by subtle bonds of relationship... lovers look as though they were related, brothers as though they were lovers, men have the faces of virgins, virgins the faces of youths; the symbols of Good and Evil are entwined and equivocally confused.
—  Without doubt Moreau was one of the greatest Symbolist artists. In 1841 he visited Italy, where he made drawings. He entered the studio of François Picot [17 Oct 1786 – 15 Mar 1868] at the Paris Beaux-Arts in 1846. He was a friend of Théodore Chassériau [1819-1856], whom he frequented from 1851 until the latter's death. From 1857 to 1859 Moreau traveled in Italy for the second time. He won considerable reputation at the 1864 Salon with his Oedipus and the Sphinx. Moreau's unfavorable critical reception in 1869 resulted in his returning to the Salon only in 1876 with his Salome Dancing Before Herod, which was admired by many critics, notably Huysmans. In 1884 Moreau succeeded Elie Delauney [1828-1891] as a teacher at the Beaux-Arts. Matisse, Marquet, Camoin [23 Sep 1879 – 20 May 1965], and Rouault were among his students and their works show his influence.
     The heir of Romanticism and an admirer of the Italian masters of the Quattrocento, Gustave Moreau is the embodiment of Symbolism. He defined his art as a "passionate silence" and transcribed in it obsessions and oneiric themes which made him one of the great masters of sexual Symbolism. He seized upon the personage of Salome and made her one of the main themes of his work, if not indeed the most important. In his many variations on this theme, he portrayed Woman as both a seductress and an innocent.

LINKS
Autoportrait (1850, 41x32cm; 600x474pix, 55kb _ ZOOM to 1124x883pix, 252kb) _ C'est le seul portrait à l'huile de l'artiste par lui-même. Il le réalise à sa sortie de l'École royale des Beaux-Arts, à 24 ans. La lumière rembranesque confère à ce portrait une touche encore romantique.
Jupiter et Sémélé (1895, 212x118cm; 800x426pix, 258kb _ ZOOM to 2034x1084pix, 640kb) surrounded by many other figures and superabundant ornamentation.
— different Jupiter et Sémélé (1896) without all the clutter. _ According to Greek mythology, Semele, also called Thyone, was a daughter of Cadmus and Harmonia and mother of Dionysus (Bacchus) by Zeus. Semele's liaison with Zeus enraged Zeus's wife, Hera, who, disguised as an old nurse, coaxed Semele into asking Zeus to visit her in the same splendor in which he would appear before Hera. Zeus had already promised to grant Semele her every wish and thus was forced to grant a wish that would kill her: the splendor of his firebolts, as god of thunder, destroyed Semele. Zeus saved their unborn child, Dionysus from the womb. According to some versions of the story, Dionysus, himself immortal, descended into Hades after reaching maturity and brought Semele back, and she too became an immortal or even a goddess.
Oedipus the Wayfarer (1888, 125x95cm _ ZOOM)
The Pierides (1889, 95x150cm _ ZOOM) — Bathsheba (1886, 59x41cm _ ZOOM)
Le Triomphe d'Alexandre le Grand (1885, 155x155cm _ ZOOM) _ “Le jeune roi conquérant domine tout ce peuple captif, vaincu et rampant, à ses pieds, dompté de crainte et d'admiration. La petite vallée indienne où se dresse le trône immense et superbe contient l'Inde entière, les temples aux faîtes fantastiques, les idoles terribles, les lacs sacrés, les souterrains pleins de mystères et de terreurs, toute cette civilisation inconnue et troublante. Et la Grèce, l'âme de la Grèce rayonnante et superbe, triomphe au loin dans ces régions inexplorées du rêve et du mystère”.
      C'est ainsi que Gustave Moreau parle de son tableau, sur lequel il travaille dès 1875, mais, qu'il n'achève qu'en 1890. Il a commencé à rassembler ces éléments dès 1873, pour un tableau nommé Porus, du nom du roi de l'Inde du Nord, ici blessé au premier plan, qu'affronta avec succès Alexandre le Grand en 326 avant J-C. Il calque des photographies de sculpture indienne de Samuel Bourne, ou puise à d'autres sources comme Le Magasin Pittoresque. Il dessine également les éléphants au jardin des plantes, pour le groupe central. Tout concourt à la féerie: la géographie du lieu, avec les montagnes en pain de sucre, l'architecture luxuriante qui ferme la perspective, les groupes d'hommes et de bêtes, à peine distincts au sol, que domine, dans sa position hiératique sans doute calquée sur un bas relief ou sur une intaille, un Alexandre triomphant.
      Il semble que Gustave Moreau n'ait pas repris ce tableau qui le satisfaisait dans son état d'apparent inachèvement, avec cette juxtaposition de tâches de couleurs et de motifs linéaires en broderie. Gustave Moreau ne conçoit pas la représentation du sujet comme une reconstitution historique, mais comme une œuvre à caractère symbolique où il lui importe seulement de donner, sans souci chronologique - avec des monuments de toutes les époques et de toutes les religions - l'idée de l'Inde, pays du rêve. L'artiste célèbre un personnage minuscule dans un tableau immense, et à travers Alexandre, une Grèce magnanime et victorieuse, le prestige et le triomphe de la civilisation sur l'humanité.
Poète mort porté par un centaure (1890, 25x24cm _ ZOOM)
The Unicorns (1885, 115x90cm _ ZOOM)
Les Chimères (1884, 236x204 cm; 600x516pix, 68kb) _ detail (800x566pix, 338kb _ ZOOM) _ Dans la mythologie, la Chimère, monstre fabuleux, possède trois têtes: de lion, de chèvre et de dragon, cette dernière à l'extrémité de la queue. Elle ravage la Lycie, et sera tuée par Bellérophon et son cheval ailé, Pégase. Dans un paysage arboré, une jeune femme nue se confie à un autre personnage ailé, probablement un centaure. Même inachevée, la toile est une des plus personnelles que le peintre ait produit. Les femmes sont associées à des animaux fantastiques empruntés au bestiaire de la mythologie ou du christianisme médiéval. Le thème de la Chimère est cher à Moreau, qui le traite à sa manière: dès avant son voyage en Italie, il dessine et peint plusieurs œuvres sur ce thème. Cependant, le centaure ailé capturant la femme reste une iconographie qui lui est particulière.
      Cette grande toile donne l'occasion à Moreau d'exprimer les sentiments que lui inspirent les Chimères, qu'il décrit ainsi : "cette île des rêves fantastiques renferme toutes les formes de la passion, de la fantaisie, du caprice chez la femme, la femme dans son essence première, l'être inconscient, folle de l'inconnu, du mystère, éprise du mal sous forme de séduction perverse et diabolique. Des femmes enfourchant des chimères qui les emportent dans l'espace, d'où elles retombent éperdues d'horreur et de vertige". On ne peut s'empêcher de rapprocher ces paroles de l'idée que Moreau se fait de la femme, à laquelle il associe tantôt des images de volupté, tantôt un rôle satanique.
Les Chimères (pastel inachevé d'une seule chimère, 30x22cm; 600x430cm, 40kb)
Night (1880, 26x21cm _ ZOOM)
Phaéthon (1878, 99x65cm _ ZOOM) _ According to Greek mythology, Phaethon (meaning “Shining” or “Radiant”)was the son of Helios, the sun god, and a woman or nymph variously identified as Clymene, Prote, or Rhode. Taunted with illegitimacy, Phaethon appealed to his father, who swore to prove his paternity by giving him whatever he wanted. Phaethon asked to be allowed to drive the chariot of the sun through the heavens for a single day. Helios, bound by his oath, had to let him make the attempt. Phaethon set off but was entirely unable to control the horses of the sun chariot, which came too near to the earth and began to scorch it. To prevent further damage, Zeus hurled a thunderbolt at Phaethon, who fell to the earth at the mouth of the river Eridanus (the Po).
Young Moses (1878, 185x135cm _ ZOOM)
Saint Sébastien (1875, 115x90cm _ ZOOM) just before being pierced by arrows.
Saint Sébastien et l'Ange (1876, 68x39cm; 800x446pix, 210kb _ ZOOM)
Saint Sébastien (1869; 600x777pix, 218kb _ ZOOM to 1400x868pix) being cured by Saint Irene. Saint Sebastian was a martyr, but it is first in the art of the Renaissance that he is portrayed according to an absolutely unhistorical legend, according to which he was an officer in the Roman imperial bodyguard and had secretly done many acts of love and charity. When he was finally discovered to be a Christian, in 286, he was handed over to the Mauretanian archers, who pierced him with arrows; he was healed, however, by the widowed Saint Irene. He was finally killed by the blows of a club.
Salomé Dancing before Herod (1876, 144x103cm _ ZOOM)
Leda (1875 - (1880, 34x21cm _ ZOOM)
Messalina (1874, 242x137cm _ ZOOM)
Saint Margaret (1873, 41x21cm _ ZOOM)
Hesiod and the Muse (1870, 33x20cm _ ZOOM)
Hesiod and the Muses (1860, 236x155cm _ ZOOM)

Prométhée (1868, 205x122cm _ ZOOM) _ Prométhée est l'un des Titans de la mythologie grecque. Bienfaisant pour les hommes, il dérobe le feu aux dieux pour le leur livrer caché dans un bâton creux. Pour sa punition, il est enchaîné au sommet du Caucase, où un aigle lui ronge le foie qui sans cesse repousse. Délivré par Héraclès qui tue l'aigle, il est très populaire en Attique, pour avoir enseigné aux hommes le savoir fondateur d'une civilisation. Au Salon de 1868, ce Prométhée, rejeté par la critique, attire l'attention de Théophile Gautier: “Moreau n'a pas donné à son Prométhée les proportions colossales du Prométhée d'Eschyle. Ce n'est pas un Titan. C'est un homme auquel il nous semble que l'artiste ait voulu donner quelque ressemblance avec le Christ, dont, selon quelques pères de l'Eglise, il est la figure et la prédiction païennes. Car lui aussi il voulut racheter les hommes et souffrit pour eux ”.
Saint Georges et le Dragon (1890, 141x97cm _ ZOOM)
— different but very similar Saint Georges (1869, 45x30cm _ ZOOM)
The Muses Leaving their Father Apollo to go and Enlighten the World (1868, 292x152cm _ ZOOM)
Andromeda (1869, 55x43cm _ ZOOM) with a very large and ornate frame.
Diomedes Devoured by his Horses (1866, 19x17cm _ ZOOM) _ As the shadowy figure of Hercules observes from between two columns in the background, four wild horses rip apart the slender body of King Diomedes. The brown mare fastens her teeth on his arm, while another sinks her jaw into his leg. Bodies of the horses' previous victims lie piled to the right, above a pool of blood-stained water. This scene shows the dramatic climax from the eighth of the 12 labors of Hercules, who was ordered to capture the four flesh-eating horses belonging to King Diomedes. Hercules killed the king in battle and fed his body to the horses, which tamed them.
— a different Diomedes Devoured by his Horses (1865, 138x84cm _ ZOOM)
Hercule et l'Hydre de Lerne (1869, 175x153cm; 1000x781pix, 217kb _ ZOOM) _ This is the second of the 12 labors of Hercules.
— different but very similar Hercule et l'Hydre de Lerne (1876; 600x516pix _ ZOOM to 1400x1204pix)
Jason (1865, 204x121cm _ ZOOM)
The Young Man and Death (1865, 213x126cm _ ZOOM)
Thracian Girl carrying the Head of Orpheus on his Lyre (1865, 154x100cm _ ZOOM) _ Orpheus was an ancient Greek legendary hero who received his first lyre from the god Apollo. Orpheus' singing and playing the lyre were so beautiful that animals and even trees and rocks moved about him in dance. But the god Bacchus became jealous of the worship Orpheus was giving to Apollo rather than to him. So Bacchus got women of Thrace to become bacchantes and to tear Orpheus to pieces in a wild Bacchic orgy. But his severed head kept singing and his lyre playing.
Œdipe et le sphinx (1864, 206x105cm _ ZOOM) _ La présentation au Salon de 1864 de Œdipe et le sphinx fait sensation. Théophile Gautier rapporte ce coup de théâtre: “La physionomie de l'œdipe, espèce d'Hamlet grec posé en face du problème de la vie, mais plus résolu que le prince de Danemark, répondait assez à certaines aspirations idéales et sa rêverie prenaient des apparences de profondeur: l'exécution archaïque, imitée des premiers maîtres de la renaissance italienne, avait, à défaut d'originalité virtuelle, le mérite d'isoler l'œuvre de l'habileté banale et courante de lui donner un air dédaigneux des façons à la mode. L'Œdipe et le Sphinx de Moreau devait commander et commanda l'attention.”
Apollo and the Nine Muses (1856, 103x83 cm _ ZOOM)
Death Offers Crowns to the Winner of the Tournament (1860, 92x142cm _ ZOOM)
Les Filles de Thespius (1853, 258x255cm _ ZOOM) _ detail (ZOOM) _ The story told by Apollodorus in The Library [English translation][Myth Man's humorous distortion of the story] is that King Thespius, whose wife Megamede, daughter of Arneus, had produced fifty daughters but no son, was having his cattle decimated by the frightful lion of Cithaeron. So he sought the help of Hercules, son of Zeus, who had just turned eighteen but was already renowned for his superhuman strength. For fifty days Hercules went out to hunt the lion, and when he came back in the evening the king entertained him and each night bedded one of his daughters with him. Hercules thought that its was the same girl every night, but Thespius had arranged it to be a different one each time. After fifty days, Hercules managed to kill the lion, and from then on he dressed himself in the skin and wore the gaping mouth as a helmet. Nine months later Thespius became the proud grandfather of not fifty, but fifty-one baby boys, because Thespius’ eldest daughter Procris had twin sons, Antileon and Hippeus.
The Song of Songs (1853, 300x319 cm _ ZOOM)
The Scottish Horseman (1854, 145x145cm _ ZOOM)
Les Prétendants (1852, 385x343cm _ ZOOM) _ detail (ZOOM) _ Inspirée par le célèbre épisode du livre XXII de L'Odyssée dans lequel, à son retour d'Ithaque, Ulysse massacre les prétendants installés dans son palais, cette toile, retravaillée à plusieurs reprises, est la plus vaste que le peintre ait réalisée. Dans la salle du palais, Athéna, paraissant dans un halo éblouissant, domine la scène de la vengeance d'Ulysse, du massacre des princes qui courtisaient Pénélope pendant son absence. Le héros apparaît en armes au fond de la salle, à droite dans l'encadrement de la porte. Moreau note : "Et la lyre et le chant semblaient résonner encore au milieu de cette tempête de cris, de rage et de douleur. Et le bruit de la corde stridente de l'arc résonnait aussi d'une façon rythmique, quand la Minerve hirondelle eut dressé l'égide sanglante au plafond". Au fur et à mesure qu'il y travaille, Moreau peuple la toile de personnages nouveaux en ajoutant “cette scène toute matérielle de boucherie” des figures “ne prenant aucune part apparente au drame” afin de rappeler le spectateur à la beauté plastique. De la notion de “carnage épique”, l'auteur évolua vers un hommage à la beauté plastique masculine que souligne l'enchevêtrement des corps au premier plan.
Orpheus aka Thracian Girl Carrying the Head of Orpheus (1864, 22x14cm _ ZOOM)
Apollo and the Satyrs (26x22cm)

Salome Presents the Ring to the Executioner (1870) _ detail
Salome Dances for Herod (1876)
The Apparition (Dance of Salome) (1876, 105x72cm _ ZOOM) _ detail (ZOOM)
— a different Apparition (1000x747pix, 190kb)
Hélène sur les murs de Troie (1886; 600x288pix _ ZOOM to 1400x672pix) _ "She stands out against a sinister horizon, drenched in blood, and clad in a dress encrusted with gems like a shrine. Her eyes are wide-open in a cataleptic stare. At her feet lie piles of corpses. She is like an evil goddess who poisons all that approach her." (J.-K. Huysmans)
The Raising of Ganymede (1886; 1137x851pix, 228kb) _ almost identical version The Raising of Ganymede (1122x852pix, 278kb)
Ganymede
La Vie de l'Humanité (1886; 600x372pix _ ZOOM to 1400x868pix) _ Ce polyptyque est composé de neuf panneaux (33x25cm) sur trois rangs superposés, surmontés d'une lunette en arc de cercle (corde 94cm) figurant le Christ ensanglanté. Cette ascension douloureuse et rédemptrice explique le sens des panneaux rectangulaires qui illustrent la destinée humaine selon Moreau. L'artiste a voulu exprimer les correspondances entre les âges de la vie, les saisons et les heures du jour. Le registre supérieur est consacré à l'âge d'or personnifié par Adam, symbolisant l'enfance: le matin la prière, le midi l'extase, le soir le sommeil. Le second registre figure l'âge d'argent ou la jeunesse incarnée par Orphée, et dans cette version, par Hésiode encadrant Orphée : Hésiode le matin, l'inspiration, Orphée le midi, le chant, Hésiode le soir, les larmes. L'âge de fer, enfin, se matérialise dans Caïn, symbolisant le maturité : le matin le travail, le midi le repos, le soir la mort.
      Moreau commentait ainsi son œuvre: "Ces trois phases de l'humanité tout entière correspondent aussi aux trois phases de la vie de l'homme: la pureté de l'enfance: Adam. Les aspirations poétiques et douloureuses de la jeunesse : Orphée. Les souffrances pénibles et la mort pour l'âge viril: Caïn - Avec la rédemption du Christ". Le décor bucolique évoque le cadre champêtre des montagnes d'Hésiode, pasteur dans les montagnes, qui devint poète par nécessité morale. Orphée apparaît, quant à lui, adossé à deux colonnes symbole de la proportion, de la maîtrise, de la culture. Tendant le bras, il déclame devant les animaux charmés par son chant et inspirés par la muse Melpomène. Sur le troisième panneau, Hésiode est en larmes. On distingue la muse qui vient de l'abandonner. Emportant sa lyre dans l'éther. Adossé à un arbre, au bord de la mer, il pleure la perte de son inspiration.
      Moreau a-t-il voulu évoquer par ce rapprochement de la côte grecque et du manque d'inspiration le rejet par Hésiode de l'épopée et des exploits maritimes de la mythologie grecque ? Quoiqu'il en soit, le polyptyque entier porte aussi une autre signification. En effet, l'idée originale trouve sa source dans un polyptyque jamais achevé, dont Moreau eut l'idée en 1871, et qui se serait intitulée La France vaincue. On pourrait s'étonner, par ailleurs que Moreau, entre deux personnages de la Genèse, Adam et Caïn, ait cru bon de faire figurer Orphée, un dieu païen. Il voyait dans Orphée le vrai porteur d'espoir, convaincu qu'il était “extrêmement ingénieux et intelligent d'avoir pris pour le cycle de la jeunesse et de la poésie une figure de l'Antiquité païenne au lieu d'une figure biblique, parce que l'intelligence et la poésie sont bien mieux personnifiées dans ces époques tout entières d'art et d'imagination que dans la Bible, toute de sentiment et de religiosité”.
Tyrtée chantant pendant le combat (1860, 415x211cm; 600x300pix, 58kb) _ La légende raconte que Tyrtée, devenu un poète à l'inspiration guerrière, soit un pauvre maître d'école de l'Attique, boiteux et faible d'esprit, que les Athéniens auraient envoyé aux Spartiates qui leur demandaient, guidés par l'oracle de Delphes, un général pour la seconde guerre contre Méssène. En tout cas, il n'est pas étranger à Sparte si l'on en juge par l'énergie patriotique qu'il met au service de cette cité. Les poèmes de Tyrtée sont nombreux. On lui attribue, en particulier, les airs de marche que les Lacédémoniens chantaient au son de la flûte en marchant à l'ennemi. Ces élégies guerrières appartiennent à un recueil d'Exhortations encore appelées Mésséniennes, où le poète rappelle aux guerriers qu'ils doivent se montrer dignes de leur patrie et de " la race invincible d'Héraclès " et ne pas songer à leur vie. Il demande que les soldats jeunes n'abandonnent pas les combattants âgés dans leur fuite. Il fait le tableau du sort cruel qui attend le peuple vaincu obligé d'apporter à ses maîtres " la moitié de tous les fruits que produisent les champs".
      La toile de Moreau est un tableau à la gloire de la jeunesse combattante. Emmenée au combat par les chants de guerre que Tyrtée a composé pour elle, l'armée spartiate sera victorieuse. Le poète revêt ici un aspect fin, presque féminin, contrairement à celui que décrit la légende. Moreau commente ainsi l'œuvre : " L'hostie saignante dans les combats. Toute la Grèce jeune à la belle chevelure meurt à ses pieds dans l'ivresse, dans le délire du sacrifice. La lyre triomphante et ensanglantée ". Moreau assimile de fait les jeunes combattants de la Grèce aux troupes impériales engagées dans les expéditions militaires, en Italie ou ailleurs. Peut-être traduit-elle aussi le sentiment d'un élan populaire, qui veut croire au prestige militaire d'un empire sur le déclin.
109 images at Webshots
Le musée Gustave Moreau

^ Born on 18 April 1884: Ludwig Meidner, German Expressionist painter, draftsman, graphic artist, writer, and teacher, who died on 14 May 1966.
— He was born into a middle-class Jewish family during the late Wilhelmine period, and his parents wanted him to pursue a profession more practical than an artistic one. Nonetheless, while apprenticed to a bricklayer in 1901, Meidner produced highly accomplished pen-and-ink drawings. Their imagery reveals his attempts to align his Jewish heritage with that of modern-day Christianity and Socialism, an intellectual preoccupation that was to remain consistent throughout his career (e.g. Ibn Esra, 1901). In 1903 he studied at the Königliche Akademie in Breslau (now Wroclaw, Poland) and in 1905 moved to Berlin where, to earn a living, he designed advertisements for furriers. A stipend from an aunt enabled him to visit Paris between 1905 and 1907. There he met Modigliani, briefly attended the Académie Julian and Académie Cormon and generally broadened his experience of city life. Nonetheless, his correspondence at that time reveals his preference for Berlin, the ‘struggling, earnest burgeoning city...the world’s intellectual and moral capital’ (letter to Franz Landsberger, 03 Jan 1907).
— Born in Bernstadt, Prussia, into a middle class Jewish family, Ludwig Meidner pursued a career as an artist, though his parents wanted him to choose a more practical career, studying at the Breslau Academy in 1903 and then moving to Berlin two years later, where he designed advertisements to support himself. He later visited Paris, briefly attending the Académie Julian and the Académie Cormon and enjoying the experience of city life. His preference for Berlin brought him back to that city in 1908, where he frequented the Café des Westerns, participating in the avant-garde life of the city while struggling to make a living. In 1912, together with Jacob Steinhardt and Richard Janthur, he founded a group of artists and writers called Die Pathetiker, whose works were exhibited at Herwarth Walden's gallery Der Sturm. Between 1912 and 1916, after being drafted into the army, he began painting a series of apocalyptic landscapes, which showed cities in states of collapse or destruction. His works from the 1920s include a series that focused on Jewish themes - a consistent preoccupation of Meidner's throughout his career, as he sought to reconcile his Jewish heritage with modern day Christianity and Socialism. From 1935 to 1939, he served as the master at a Jewish High School in Cologne, until Nazi persecution forced him to move to England. With the rise of Nazism, Meidner came under attack and 84 of his paintings were seized from German museums. One of his self-portraits was placed in the "Jewish Gallery" of the infamous "Degenerate Art" exhibition held in Munich in 1937. He returned to Germany in 1953, and lived there until his death in Darmstadt in 1966.
— Born Bernstadt (Silesia); died Darmstadt; studied at the Breslau Academy 1903-1905; studied at the Académie Julian in Paris 1906-1907; founder of Die Pathetiker, a group that exhibited at the Sturm gallery in Berlin in 1912; in 1924-1925 he taught at the Studienateliers (Study Workshops) for painting and sculpture in Berlin; from 1935-1939 he was drawing master at the Jewish Hochschule in Cologne; in 1939 he fled to England where he was interned 1940-1941; he returned to Germany in 1953, first to Frankfurt then Darmstadt.

LINKS
Mein Nachtgesicht (1913; 600x424pix _ ZOOM to 1400x989pix)
Ich und die Stadt (1913; 600x476pix _ ZOOM to 1400x1111pix)
Selbstporträt (1938; 600x468pix _ ZOOM to 1400x1092pix)
Selbstporträt (1965; 600x472pix _ ZOOM to 1400x1101pix)
Max Hermann-Neiße (600x416pix _ ZOOM to 1400x971pix) _ portrait of a man collapsed into a chair, seemingly in deep depression. Max Hermann-Neiße [1886-1941] was a lyricist. Georg Grosz [26 Jul 1893 – 06 Jul 1959] painted a somewhat similar Max Hermann-Neiße, (386x400pix, 53kb) which is probably a better likeness.
Max Hermann-Neiße (1913, 90x76cm; 112x93pix, 9kb) _ detail (700x522pix, 75kb) his deformed hands.
Max Hermann-Neiße (600x758pix _ ZOOM to 1400x1768pix, 671kb) _ a colorful abstract picture perhaps suggesting an anatomical cross-section.
Johannes R. Becher (600x748pix _ ZOOM to 1400x1745pix, 858kb) _ a slightly less colorful abstract picture perhaps somewhat more suggestive of human and bovine bodies.
Apokaliptische Landschaft (1913, 67x80cm _ ZOOM to 1400x2072pix)
The Last Day (1916, 100x150cm) _ Meidner painted this visionary landscape shortly before he began serving in the German Army in World War I. In it, he expresses extreme feelings of fear concerning his future. He lets his fear run free in this dark and apocalyptic vision. The bombing crater in the center of the picture pushes the people to the edge of their own existence. It is interesting that Meidner shows different characterizations of traumatized figures; some of them seem caught up in the hopelessness of the situation. They seem to be immobilized by the shock, helplessly exposed to fate. Other fleeing figures would also seem to be frozen in their movements. This repeated theme of paralysis would seem to imply that even in the act of memorializing the event one can not escape its aftermath.
15 prints at FAMSF.
^ Died on 18 April 1684: Gonzales Coques (or Cockes, Cocx, Cox), Flemish painter specialized in portraits, baptized as an infant on 08 December 1614. — [Ce n'est pas lui qui a inventé les œufs à la Coques?]
— The artist’s name is in a baptismal register for the year 1614; however, an inscription on an engraved self-portrait of 1649 gives 1618 as his year of birth, and in 1666 he himself claimed to be 48. His name is listed in the archives of Antwerp’s Guild of St Luke for 1627–1628, the year he became a student of Pieter Brueghel II. Later he studied with David Rijckaert II. Coques was admitted to the painters’ guild as an independent master only in 1640–41, this long delay suggesting that he traveled. He may have gone to England, for he was later given the nickname ‘Little van Dyck’, referring to the perceived influence on his work of Anthony van Dyck, who was in England after 1632.
      In 1643 Coques married his teacher’s daughter Catharina Rijckaert [1610–1674], by whom he had two daughters. His second wife, whom he married in 1675, was Catharina Rysheuvels; they had no children. Coques was a respected member of the artistic community in Antwerp: he was twice deacon of the Guild of St Luke, was a member of two rhetoricians’ societies and in 1661 was praised by Cornelis de Bie, in whose book there is an engraved portrait of him. An accomplished portrait painter, he was greatly influenced by Rubens and van Dyck, although his figures were generally on a smaller scale, and he enjoyed the patronage of successive Governor Generals of the Netherlands. He died in Antwerp on 18 April 1684. Two of his students were Cornelis van den Bosch in 1643 and Lenaert Frans Verdussen in 1665–1666.

LINKS
The Art Writer Cornelis de Bie (600x496pix _ ZOOM to 1400x1157pix) _ Cornelis de Bie [10 Feb 1627 – >1711] was a notary in his native town of Lier who wrote Het Gulden Cabinet van de edel vry schilderconst inhoudende den Lof vande vermarste schilders, architecte, beldhowers ende plaetsnyders van dese eeuw (1661), a series of biographies and panegyrics on most South Netherlandish painters, sculptors, and architects of the 17th and late 16th centuries.
A Lawyer (600x468pix _ ZOOM to 1400x1092pix)
A Married Couple in a Park (600x436pix _ ZOOM to 1400x1017pix)
A Man (36x26cm; full size) — Un Intérieur Hollandais (etching 36 x50cm; 2/3 size)
Smell (Portrait of Lucas Fayd'herbe) (<1661) _ The sitter is Lucas Fayd'herbe [1617-1697], a noted sculptor and architect who was one of Rubens's last students. He worked principally in Malines, and is also depicted in Frachoijs Portrait of Lucas Fayd'herbe. Here he is shown smoking a pipe, as a representation of the sense of Smell. This picture is one of a series of the 'Five Senses'; the fifth, 'Taste', is probably a copy. The series was painted before 1661 when Sight was engraved. The costumes suggest a date of about 1655-1660.
Sight (Portrait of Robert van den Hoecke) (<1661) _ Robert van den Hoeke [1622-1668], was a painter and engraver who worked in Antwerp and in Brussels. He became 'Contrôleur des fortifications' in Flanders and the plan, baldric (belt hung over the shoulder) and sword presumably refer to this office. The identification of the sitter is dependent upon the inscription on an engraving of the portrait by Cauckercken, which appeared in a book published in 1661.
^ Died on 18 April 1855: Jean-Baptiste Isabey, French painter, draftsman, and printmaker, born on 11 April 1767.
—   He was trained in Nancy by Jean Girardet [1709–1778] and then by Jean-Baptiste-Charles Claudot [1733–1805], master of the miniaturist Jean-Baptiste-Jacques Augustin [1759-1832]. In 1785 Isabey went to Paris, where he began by painting snuff-boxes. In 1786 he received lessons from the painter François Dumont, who had also studied with Girardet in Nancy, before entering the studio of David [1748-1825]. Although he had received aristocratic commissions before the Revolution to paint portrait miniatures of the Duc d’Angoulême and Duc de Berry and through them of Marie-Antoinette, he did not suffer in the political upheavals that followed. He painted 228 portraits of deputies for a work on the Assemblée Législative and from 1793 exhibited miniatures and drawings in the Salon.
      Success came to him in 1794 with two drawings in the ‘manière noire’, The Departure and The Return. This type of drawing, using pencil and the stump to simulate engraving, was very fashionable in the last years of the 18th century and reached its peak with Isabey’s The Boat (1798), an informal scene including a self-portrait, in which the artist exploited contrasts of light and shade with considerable success.
      He was the father of painter Louis-Eugène-Gabriel Isabey [22 Jul 1803 – 27 Apr 1886]
LINKS
Prince Casimir Poniatowski (nephew of Stan-Auguste) (1805, 70x57mm)
Mrs. Rufus Prime, Augusta Temple Palmer [1807–1840] (1828, oval, 138x102mm)
Elisa Bonaparte (1810) _ Jean-Baptiste Isabey was closely involveed with Napoleon I and his court. Isabey was entrusted with overseeing the ceremonies for the coronation of Napoleon and the ensuing festivities, becoming court painter to the Empress in 1804. The artist recorded the Bonaparte family in a series of magnificent miniature portraits. Isabey must have painted Elisa, eldest sister of Napoleon, and Princess of Lucca and Piombino, around 1810 when she was at the height of her political influence. In this miniature, he captured to perfection the severe features of the sitter, who was the least attractive and most intelligent of Napoleon’s sisters.
^ Died on 18 April 1837: Giovanni Migliara, Italian painter and teacher born on 05 (15?) October 1785. He began his career as a scene painter with Gaspare Galiari [1761–1823] in Milan, working at the Teatro Carcano in 1804 and at La Scala from 1805 to 1809. Owing to illness, after 1810 he turned to small-scale works in watercolor or oil using various supports, including silk and ivory. At this date Milanese painting was dominated by Andrea Appiani and Luigi Sabatelli, both leading Neoclassical artists. However, Migliara remained aloof from this dominant movement and instead drew on medieval and historical subjects with Romantic undertones. His precise, jewel-like technique and choice of subject-matter found favour with aristocratic patrons in Milan. His figures are generally stilted and burdened by their costumes, though the crowd in Sacking of Minister Prina’s House (1814) is depicted with unusual fluency.
     In 1822 Migliara was appointed Professor of Perspective at the Accademia di Belle Arti, Milan, and in 1833 he was nominated painter to the court of Charles-Albert, King of Sardinia (reg 1831–1849). More typical of his historical scenes is Entrance to the Castle of Plessis de la Tour, which was exhibited at the Brera in 1833. He also produced many topographically precise pictures of church interiors in which he combined his training as a scene painter with his knowledge of intaglio techniques. In such pen-and-wash studies as Church and Gothic Tomb (1831) he displayed a greater sensitivity to light and tone than in his oil paintings (e.g. Vestibule of a Convent, 1833). He particularly excelled as a painter of small medieval church interiors, as did several of his students, including his daughter Teodolinda Migliara [1816–1866], Frederico Moja [1802–1885], Pompeo Calvi [1806–1884], Luigi Bisi [1814–1886] and Angelo Inganni [1806–1880].

San Ambrogio a Milano (1822; 529x700pix, 188kb) — Una Visita Importante (300x404pix, 31kb)
Veduta dell’Ospedale Maggiore a Milano (34x40cm; 277x330pix, 24kb)
Piazza San Marco (42x52cm; 403x500pix, 36kb)
— [Mutuo Insegnamento] (engraving; 398x537pix, 80kb) _ rappresenta l'applicazione del metodo Lancaster-Bell di mutuo insegnamento, nell'oratorio della chiesa di Santa Caterina a Milano; fra i personaggi raffigurati sono riconoscibili Silvio Pellico [25 Jun 1789 – 31 Jan 1854] e Federico Confalonieri [1785 – 10 Dec 1846] (respettivamente capo redattore e cofundatore dil giornale liberale Conciliatore) , che cercano di sviluppare in Italia questo sistema di istruzione. pubblica e laica.

Died on a 18 April:


1941 Eugène Gallien-Laloue (or Galien) “Jacques Liévin”, French artist born in December 1854.

1897 Charles Olivier de Penne, French artist born on 11 January 1831. — [Is it of him that they say that “de Penne is mightier than the soared.”?]

1862 Frederik Hansen Södring, Danish artist born on 31 May 1809.

^ 1832 Jeanne-Elisabeth Gabiou Chaudet Husson, French painter born on 23 January 1767, married in 1793 to her teacher, the sculptor, painter, draftsman, and designer Antoine-Denis Chaudet [03 Mar 1763 – 19 Apr 1810] and in 1812 to Pierre-Arsène-Denis Husson. She exhibited in the Salon between 1798 and 1817. From the beginning she enjoyed the approval of the public and the critics. The Little Girl Trying to Teach her Dog to Read (1799) made her famous. The Empress Josephine bought Young Girl Feeding Chicks (1802) for the gallery at Malmaison. Chaudet increasingly produced genre scenes incorporating young girls, children and pets, such as Child Sleeping in a Cradle Watched by a Good Dog (1801) and Young Girl Crying over her Dead Pigeon (1808). She used muted colors, for which she was reproached by the critics, a mannered style of drawing and an extremely glacial finish. The figures are often seen in profile, like antique bas-reliefs, and have a marmoreal quality, particularly in Young Girl Feeding Chicks, perhaps influenced by her husband’s work as a sculptor. She is best known as a genre painter but also produced a large number of portraits, such as the full-length portrait of a Young Child in a Lancer’s Costume (1808). Chaudet obtained a Prix d’Encouragement at the Salon of 1812 for the Little Girl Eating Cherries, but after 1812 her popularity declined..


Born on a 18 April:


1854 José Frappa, Spanish artist who died on 16 February 1904. — [Ce qui me frappa le plus à propos de Frappa, c'est que rien ne me frappa.]

^ 1843 Adrien Moreau, French artist who died on 22 February 1906. — [A ne pas confondre avec Moreau-Cidevants ni même avec Gustave Moreau.] — Relative? of Gustave Moreau [06 Apr 182618 Apr 1898], Luc-Albert Moreau [09 Dec 1882 – 25 Apr 1948], Mathurin Moreau [18 Nov 1822 – 14 Feb 1912]?

1838 Evert Jan Boks, Dutch painter who died in 1914. — [I guess that on field trips, he always brought along a Boks lunch.]

1829 George Smith, British artist who died on 02 January 1901. — {George Smith, hey? Sure... sure... If I were hiding from the police, I too would use a name like “George Smith”.} — Not to be confused with George Smith [1714 – 07 Sep 1776]

^ 1768 Jean-Baptiste Debret, French painter and draftsman, active in Brazil, who died on 28 (11?) June 1848. When very young he accompanied his cousin, Jacques-Louis David, on a trip to Italy from which he returned in 1785. He then enrolled in the Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture in Paris, initially following parallel studies in civil engineering but soon devoting himself to painting. Between 1798 and 1814 he entered several of the annual Paris Salons with historical or allegorical paintings, Neo-classical in both spirit and form, for instance Napoleon Decorating a Russian Soldier at Tilsit (1808). He also collaborated at this time with the architects Charles Percier and Pierre-François Fontaine on decorative works.
     With the fall of Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte I, whom Debret greatly admired, he agreed to take part in the French artistic mission which left for Brazil in 1816. He stayed there longer than the rest of the group, returning to France only in 1831. During those years spent in Rio de Janeiro and in neighboring provinces, he was in the vanguard of local artistic life, still in its infancy. He founded and encouraged the Academia Imperial das Belas Artes, of which he became professor of history painting. He painted many historical works such, as the Acclamation of Peter I (1822). He and two other members of the French mission, the architect Auguste-Henri Grandjean de Montigny and the sculptor Auguste-Marie Taunay , were responsible for preparing the decorations in Rio de Janeiro for the celebrations in 1818 acclaiming John VI as King. Il conçut les insignes du pouvoir impérial. Mais très vite, il fut fasciné par toutes les facettes de la société brésilienne, que ce soit la vie privée des riches commerçants, les us et coutumes de la population Carioca, ou la condition misérable des esclaves noirs, qu’il rendit d’un trait incisif dans des aquarelles fourmillant de détails révélateurs. Elles illustrèrent son Voyage pittoresque et historique au Brésil, qu’il publia de 1834 à 1839 après son retour en France.
     No início do século XIX, os exércitos de Napoleão Bonaparte invadiram Portugal , obrigando D. João VI (rei de Portugal), sua família e sua corte (nobres, artistas, empregados, etc.) a virem para o Brasil. D. João VI, preocupado com o desenvolvimento cultural, trouxe para cá material para montar a primeira gráfica brasileira, onde foram impressos diversos livros e um jornal chamado A Gazeta do Rio de Janeiro. Nesse momento, o Brasil recebe forte influência cultural européia, intensificada ainda mais com a chegada de um grupo de artistas franceses (1816) encarregado da fundação da Academia de Belas-Artes (1826), na qual os alunos poderiam aprender as artes e os ofícios artísticos. Em Março de 1816, o Ministro Conde da Barca promoveu a vinda de uma missão artística francesa chefiada por Joaquim Le Breton, ex secretário de belas artes do Instituto de França, e dela faziam partes os irmãos Nicolas-Antoine Taunay: [11 Feb 1755 – 20 Mar 1830] pintor de paisagens e Auguste-Marie Taunay [1768–1824] escultor, Jean Baptista Debret pintor de história, Grandjean de Montigny arquiteto, Simon Pradier gravador, Ovide professor de mecânica, os irmãos Marc e Zeferin Ferrez escultores, Segismundo Neukomn músico. Esse grupo ficou conhecido como Missão Artística Francesa. Os artistas da Missão Artística Francesa pintavam, desenhavam, esculpiam e construíam à moda européia. Obedeciam ao estilo neoclássico. A essa missão foi entregue a eles a criação de uma Academia de Belas Artes que foi inaugurada em 1826, cujo edifício foi projetado por Grandjean de Montigny.
     Jean-Baptiste Debret: foi chamado de "a alma da Missão Francesa". Ele foi desenhista, aquarelista, pintor cenográfico, decorador, professor de pintura e organizador da primeira exposição de arte no Brasil (1829). Em 1818 trabalhou no projeto de ornamentação da cidade do Rio de Janeiro para os festejos da aclamação de D.João VI como rei de Portugal, Brasil e Algarve. Mas é em Viagem pitoresca ao Brasil, coleção composta de três volumes com um total de 150 ilustrações, que ele retrata e descreve a sociedade brasileira. Seus temas preferidos são a nobreza e as cenas do cotidiano brasileiro e suas obras nos dão uma excelente idéia da sociedade brasileira do século XIX.
4 images on one page: portrait of Debret (203x200pix, 49kb) _ Joueur d'Uruncungo (berimbau) (1834; 119x400pix, 140kb) l'Urucungo est un instrument qui se compose de la moitié d'une calebasse acroché à un arc, formé d'une branche, tendu d'un fil de laiton, sur lequel on tape rapidement. On peut en même temps étudier l'instinct musical du joueur qui appui la main sur le devant ouvert de la calebasse afin d'obtenir par la vibration un son plus grave et harmonieux. Cet effet est obtenu en battant rapidement sur la corde avec une petite baguette qui se tient entre l'index et le doigt du milieu de la main droite.” _ Retour de l'esclave naturaliste (1820; 286x400pix, 111kb) _ Enterrement d'un noir (1839, 25x32cm; 276x400pix, 100kb) — Négresse brésilienne tatouée vendant des fruits de cajou (1827) détail (284x200pix, 20kb) — Boutique du cordonnier (1827, 17x23cm; 247x349pix, 69kb) — Pharmacie (1823; 200x277pix, 50kb gif)

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