07 Aug History: This Date

<< Aug 06| HISTORY “4” “2”DAY |Aug 08 >>
Events, deaths, births, of AUG 07
[For Aug 07 Julian go to Gregorian date: 1583~1699: Aug 17 — 1700s: Aug 18 — 1800s: Aug 19 — 1900~2099: Aug 20]

ALTERNATE SITES ALL FOR 030807 ANY DAY OF THE YEAR IN HISTORY ART “4” AUG 07

On an August 07:
2002 Before the opening of trading Cross Country Inc. (CCRN) reports June quarter revenue of $156 million, just below the $157 million Street consensus, but a 31% increase over the prior year's period. Net income was $0.24 per share, in line with estimates, but a penny lower than the year ago quarter. For the full year 2002, the company said it is maintaining its previous prediction of revenue between $625 and $650 million and earnings per share in the range of $1.02 to $1.06. Then, on the NASDAQ, CCRN stock drops from its previous close of $26.19 to an intraday low of $13.06 and closes at $14.34. It had started trading at $18.75 on 25 October 2001 and reached a high of $39.16 on 10 June 2002. Cross Country is the largest provider of healthcare staffing services in the US and also provides complementary services, including staffing of clinical trials, search and recruitment, consulting and education and training.. [9~month price chart >]
2000 US Vice President Al Gore, Democratic presidential candidate, selects Connecticut Senator Joseph Lieberman as the Vice-Presidential candidate. Lieberman is the first Jew on a major US party's presidential ticket.

1999 The second Russo-Chechen war begins ^top^
It starts with an preemptive invasion of the Botlikh region of Dagestan by militants from Chechnya. An estimated 1000 - 1200 fighters seize several villages and small towns on the Chechen-Dagestani border [http://www.cdi.org/issues/Europe/aug.html]

1998 Microsoft invests $150 million in Apple ^top^
Microsoft agrees to invest $150 million in the struggling Apple Computer Company and agrees to adapt its Office software applications to run on the Macintosh during the next five years. Apple's once-impressive market share had plummeted to 3.8% by this point. However, with the introduction of the iMac in the summer of 1998, it began creeping back up, reaching 5% by December 1998.

1996 America Online experiences a massive blackout that shut down the system for 19 hours, denying service to the company's 6.2 million subscribers. AOL said it will offer subscribers a small credit to make up for the inconvenience.
1996 NASA researchers formally presented their case for the existence of life long ago on Mars.
1994 X Conferencia Internacional en Yokohama (Japón) sobre el SIDA, que afecta ya a 17 millones de personas en todo el mundo.
1992 El Gobierno y la guerrilla de Mozambique firman en Roma el compromiso de paz, después de dos años de negociaciones.
1992 La Conferencia de Desarme, compuesta por 39 naciones, concluye tras 24 años de discusión la versión definitiva de un Tratado de Prohibición de Armamentos Químicos.
1992 Apple Computer's lawsuit against Microsoft and Hewlett-Packard is severely undermined as a federal judge dismisses the most important aspects of the case. Apple had sued the companies for violating copyrights protecting Apple's point-and-click, icon-driven interface.
1991 The five permanent members of the U.N. Security Council agree to authorize Iraq to sell as much as $1.6 billion in oil over six months to pay for food, humanitarian supplies and war reparations; however, Baghdad would reject the resolution.
1990 Turquía cierra el oleoducto que transportaba petróleo iraquí al Mediterráneo, tras la invasión de Kuwait por Irak.
1990 Desert Shield begin — US deploys troops to Saudi Arabia
1990 Saudi Arabia allows US troops on their soil to stop an Iraqi invasion
1989 Los cinco presidentes centroamericanos, reunidos en Honduras, llegan a un acuerdo para desmovilizar a la "contra" antes de que se celebren elecciones en Nicaragua.
1988 US Writers Guild ends its 6-month strike
1987 Five Central American presidents sign peace accord in Guatemala — Los países del Grupo Contadora, que buscaban la pacificación en Centroamérica, logran que Nicaragua firme los acuerdos de Esquipulas, por el cual Daniel Ortega acepta entrar en conversaciones con la contra.
1987 Lynne Cox swims 4.3 km from US to USSR in 39ø F (4ºC) Bering Sea
1986 Daniel Buettner, Bret Anderson, Martin Engel and Anne Knabe begin cycling journey of 24'568 km from Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, to Argentina
1983 Some 675'000 employees strike AT&T
1976 Scientists in Pasadena, Calif., announced that the Viking 1 spacecraft had found the strongest indications to date of possible life on Mars.
1974 Philippe Petit walks tightrope strung between the twin towers of the World Trade Center. This causes a massive traffic jam on the streets, 410 m below.
1970 first computer chess tournament

1967 Vietnam: More Chinese aid for North Vietnam ^top^
The North Vietnamese newspaper Nhan Dan reports that the People's Republic of China (PRC) has signed a new agreement to give Hanoi an undisclosed amount of aid in the form of an outright grant. Chinese support to the Communists in Vietnam had begun with their backing of the Vietminh in their war against the French. After the French were defeated, the PRC continued its support of the Hanoi regime. In April 1965, the PRC signed a formal agreement with Hanoi providing for the introduction of Chinese air defense, engineering, and railroad troops into North Vietnam to help maintain and expand lines of communication within North Vietnam. China later claimed that 320'000 of its troops served in North Vietnam during the period 1965 to 1971 and that 1000 died there. It is estimated that the PRC provided over three-quarters of the total military aid given to North Vietnam during the war.

1966 The United States loses seven planes over North Vietnam, the most in the war up to this point.
1966 Race riot in Lansing Michigan

1964 Vietnam: The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution      ^top^
      By 416-0 in the House of Representatives and 88-2 in the Senate, where Wayne K. Morse (D-Oregon) and Ernest Gruening (D-Alaska) are the only dissenting votes, Congress passes the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, acceding to the request made the previous day by President Lyndon B. Johnson that he be given unprecedented executive authority to act in Indochina and "take all necessary steps... to prevent further aggression."
      By the summer of 1964, there were nearly 20'000 US "military advisers" in Vietnam, and the Viet Cong and North Vietnam were escalating their attacks against South Vietnamese government forces. On July 30, 1964, South Vietnamese naval forces began clandestine raids against North Vietnamese positions in the Gulf of Tonkin. On August 2, the US destroyer Maddox, allegedly in the Gulf to intercept radio signals from North Vietnam, reported that it was under attack by three North Vietnamese torpedo boats. The Maddox called for assistance from a nearby aircraft carrier, but by the time the air support arrived the torpedo boats had apparently retreated or been destroyed.
      The next day, August 3, South Vietnamese vessels continued their raids in the Gulf, and on the night of August 4, the Maddox and another US destroyer, the C. Turner Joy, reported that they were under attack from North Vietnamese torpedo boats. Neither vessel suffered any damage and both fired their weapons at the alleged torpedo boats, which were only momentarily spotted on the radar. Later that night, the captain of the Maddox concluded that the radar blips were "freak weather blips," reported as torpedoes by an "overeager" sonar operator.
      Nevertheless, the next day, 04 August, in the first overt US act of the war, American warplanes attacked North Vietnamese installation in retaliation for the alleged attacks. Two US planes were shot down, and one pilot — Lieutenant Everett Alvarez — was captured. He was not released until the end of the US involvement in Vietnam nearly nine years later.      On August 6, President Johnson asked for authority to act in Vietnam without a formal declaration of war, and the next day, Congress complies, passing the White House-authored Gulf of Tonkin Resolution with only two dissenting votes. President Johnson would sign it into law on 10 August. It would become the legal basis for every presidential action taken by the Johnson administration during its conduct of the war. Despite the initial support for the resolution, it became increasingly controversial as Johnson used it to increase US commitment to the war in Vietnam. In May 1970, with some 350'000 US soldiers participating in the costly and increasingly unpopular war in Vietnam, Congress voted to repeal the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution.
     The Dow-Jones Industrial Average is not affected, rising slightly by 0.25 points to close at 105.05.
      With fresh evidence now available, claims that the Tonkin Gulf incident was deliberately provoked gain new plausibility.

1964 La aviación turca bombardea Chipre.
1960 Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) gains independence from France
1960 The Catholic Church voices concern in pastoral letter over treatment of church by Communists of Cuba.

1959 US satellite photographs Earth ^top^
From the Atlantic Missile Range in Cape Canaveral, Florida, the US unmanned spacecraft Explorer 6 was launched into an orbit around the earth. The spacecraft, popularly known as the "paddlewheel satellite," featured a photocell scanner that transmitted a crude picture of the earth's surface and cloud cover from a distance of 27'000 km. The photo, received in Hawaii, took nearly forty minutes to transmit. Released by NASA in September, the first photograph ever taken of the earth by a US satellite depicted a crescent shape of part of the planet in sunlight. It was Mexico, captured by Explorer 6 as it raced westward over the earth at speeds in excess of 32'000 km/h.

1956 UNESCO's Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict enters in force. It was adopted at The Hague on 14 May 1954.
1953 Eastern Airlines enters the jet age, uses Electra prop-jet
1951 Un cohete "Viking", construido sobre el modelo de una V-2 alemana, alcanza 20'000 metros de altitud.
1949 The Vatican announces that bones believed to be the apostle Peter's have been found.
1947 Balsa raft Kon Tiki crashes into a Polynesian archipelago reef, ending its 101-day journey from Peru with a six-man crew led by Thor Heyerdahl.

1945 Georgia pushed into prison reform      ^top^
      Concerned with its reputation in light of recent revelations about inhumane prison conditions, Georgia changes its constitution to set up a State Board of Corrections. The board was directed to be more humane in its treatment of prisoners and abolished whippings, leg irons, and chains. Until 1945, prisoners in Georgia could expect to have heavy steel shackles put on by a blacksmith upon arrival. They were then taken out to work under severe conditions.
      In 1943, Leon Johnson escaped from a Georgia chain gang. When he was captured in Pennsylvania, Georgia demanded his return. However, Johnson fought extradition in federal court, claiming that the Georgia chain gang was unconstitutional. The Third Circuit Court of Appeals agreed, but the US Supreme Court reversed the decision and Johnson was sent back. Still, the publicity brought Georgia much unwelcome attention, and when the citizens heard that White prisoners were suffering in these chain gangs as well, prison conditions began to change.
      The North had already gone through its own prison reform era. In 1913, a grand jury condemned the conditions at Sing Sing Prison in Westchester County, a suburb of New York City. The cells did not have toilets-only slop buckets that were infested with vermin. Many of the prisoners were infected with syphilis. Boys and first-time offenders were put in cells with hardened criminals who raped them. Thomas Mott Osborne, a prison reformer, admitted himself to prison under the name Tom Brown in order to get a firsthand account of the treatment. He then became Sing Sing's warden, instituting many reforms in his short stint as head of the infamous prison.

1944 German forces launch a major counter attack against US forces near Mortain, France. under General A. A. Vandegrift and Tulagi
1944 El tribunal popular de Berlín condena a muerte a ocho militares inculpados en el atentado contra Hitler del 20 de julio anterior, entre los que figuraban cuatro generales. Al día siguiente son ejecutados.

1942 US Marines land on Guadalcanal      ^top^
     The US 1st Marine Division under General A. A. Vandegrift begins Operation Watchtower, the first US offensive of the war, by landing on Guadalcanal and Tulagi, two of the Solomon Islands, east of New Guinea. On 06 July 1942, the Japanese landed on the 6500-sq-km island, and began constructing an airfield there, intended to isolate the Australian continent.
      During Operation Watchtower, American troops landed on five islands within the Solomon chain. Although the invasion came as a complete surprise to the Japanese (bad weather had grounded their scouting aircraft), the landings on Florida, Tulagi, Gavutu, and Tananbogo met much initial opposition from the Japanese defenders. But the US troops who landed on Guadalcanal met little resistance — at least at first. More than 11'000 Marines had landed, and 24 hours had passed, before the Japanese manning the garrison there knew of the attack.
      The US forces quickly took their main objective, the airfield, and the outnumbered Japanese troops retreated, but not for long. . The US failed to achieve naval superiority at sea and the Japanese brought in reinforcements. Fierce hand-to-hand jungle fighting ensued. "I have never heard or read of this kind of fighting," wrote one American major general on the scene. "These people refuse to surrender." The Americans were at a particular disadvantage, being assaulted from both the sea and air.
      But the US Navy was able to reinforce its troops to a greater extent, and by February 1943, the Japanese had retreated on secret orders of their emperor (so secret, the US forces did not even know it had taken place until they began happening upon abandoned positions, empty boats, and discarded supplies). In total, the Japanese had lost more than 25'000 men, compared with a loss of 1600 by the US. Each side lost 24 warships. The first Medal of Honor given to a Marine was awarded to Sgt. John Basilone for his fighting during Operation Watchtower. According to the recommendation for his medal, he "contributed materially to the defeat and virtually the annihilation of a Japanese regiment."
     In the first major Allied offensive against Japan, the US 1st Marine Division storms ashore onto Guadalcanal, a strategic island located northeast of Australia. Catching the island's 2'000 Japanese defenders by surprise, the Americans seized the airfield and by dusk on 08 August had more than 10'000 soldiers ashore. However, the Allies failed to achieve naval superiority at sea, and thousands of Japanese troops re-infiltrated the island while Japanese warships delayed US reinforcements. The bloody Battle of Guadalcanal stretched on for six months.
      The Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor in December 1941 heralded the beginning of a massive Japanese offensive that extended across much of the Pacific. Japanese successes in the Pacific rivaled those won by Germany in Europe, and by August 1942 Japan controlled an empire that stretched from Burma in the west to the Gilbert Islands in the east, and from the Aleutian Islands of Alaska in the north to the Solomon Islands in the south. The Allies were by no means defeated, however, and the US Navy had struck a devastating blow against the Japanese fleet in the Battle of Midway in June 1942. As US-led Allied forces prepared for a great counter-offensive, Japanese military command aimed to isolate Australia, which was the main staging area for Allied operations in the Pacific. On 06 July 1942, Japanese troops landed on Guadalcanal, a 5300-square-kilometer island in the Solomon Islands, and began building an airfield there. From Guadalcanal, Japanese bombers could strike at New Caledonia and the New Hebrides east of Australia, and the communication and supply lines between the United States and Australia might be cut.
      To protect the Allied supply line, US forces invade Guadalcanal on 07 August 1942. The airfield is captured and renamed Henderson Field, and US forces fight to secure a defensive perimeter around the airfield. In the early morning of 09 August, a Japanese naval task force sunk four heavy US cruisers around Guadalcanal, and the landing fleet was forced to retreat, leaving the 1st Marine Division to fend for itself on the island. Meanwhile, Japan reinforced its defenders on Guadalcanal. The Marines dug a seven- by four-mile defensive perimeter around Henderson Field, and on 20 August the first Japanese counterattack was beaten back at the Ilu River. By then, US planes had begun landing at Henderson Field, bringing reinforcements and supplies. In September, Japanese troops again besieged the American perimeter and Japanese warships and aircraft bombarded the airfield, but the Marines held on to their beachhead. Near the end of September, the 1st Marine Division was reinforced, but Japanese forces on the island swelled even faster through the use of speedboat landing crafts that evaded Allied naval defenses at night.
      In October and early November, the outnumbered US forces on Guadalcanal repulsed repeat suicide attacks by Japanese troops. Meanwhile, Allied and Japanese fleets clashed in several inconclusive encounters around the southern Solomons. Finally, in mid November, the Allies scored a decisive naval victory when the fleet under US Admiral William Halsey defeated a Japanese force attempting to land fresh troops on Guadalcanal. Another attempt by Japan to land troops on November 30 likewise ended in failure, and after that date Japan attempted no further landings on Guadalcanal. On 09 December, the hard-fighting 1st Marine Division was relieved by the US Army's 25th Infantry Division. With Allied naval and air superiority achieved, it was now the turn of the Japanese troops to desperately hang on to their positions on Guadalcanal.
      By January, the Allied garrison numbered more than 40'000 soldiers against 22'000 Japanese. More US troops and supplies continued to arrive every day, and the Japanese positions were rapidly overwhelmed. In late January 1943, Japanese command ordered an evacuation of the island and by the end of the first week of February it was completed. On 09 February, US command declared Guadalcanal secure. The Battle of Guadalcanal was the first major Japanese land defeat in World War II and cost the Allies 1600 dead, 4250 wounded, and many others incapacitated by malaria and other diseases. Japanese losses were more than 24'000, with many perishing from disease or starvation. The retaking of Guadalcanal by the Allies ended the Japanese drive south around Australia and helped secure the Allied supply line. From thereon, the Japanese fought defensively in the Pacific with worsening prospects.

1940 Largest amount paid for a stamp ($45'000 for 1-cent 1856 British Guiana)
1937 El Gobierno republicano español decide permitir el culto católico, suspendido desde los primeros días de la guerra civil española.
1936 The United States declares non-intervention in the Spanish Civil War.
1934 US Court of Appeals upholds lower court ruling striking down government's attempt to confiscate or ban James Joyce's novel Ulysses.
1928 The US Treasury announces paper money, one third smaller than previously, in denominations ranging from one to ten thousand dollars, and including a new two-dollar note. A year later the department put out a version yet smaller by 25%, bearing the set of portraits and emblems current until the year 2000 modification.
1927 The last Dodge Convertible Cabriolet, a sporty car, is made. It was produced for only four months.
1923 Stalin asume el mando supremo de los ejércitos soviéticos.
1923 Manuel Teixeira Gomes es elegido presidente de la República de Portugal.
1922 The Irish Republican Army cuts the cable link between the United States and Europe at Waterville landing station.
1919 Se aprueba en el Congreso español el dictamen referente al ingreso de España en la Sociedad de Naciones.
1916 Persia forms an alliance with Britain and Russia.
1914 El Estado de Montenegro declara la guerra a Austria. Su ejército no pasa de 30'000 hombres.

1912 Theodore Roosevelt nominated as Bull Moose candidate      ^top^
      Theodore Roosevelt, the former US president, is nominated for the presidency by the Progressive party, a group of Republicans dissatisfied with the re-nomination of President William Howard Taft. Also known as the Bull Moose party, the Progressive platform called for the direct election of US senators, woman suffrage, reduction of the tariff, and many social reforms.
      Roosevelt, who served as the twenty-sixth president of the United States from 1901 to 1909, would embarked on a vigorous campaign as the party's presidential candidate. On October 12, 1912, minutes before a campaign speech in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, he was shot at close range by anarchist William Schrenk outside the Hotel Gilpatrick. Schrenk's thirty-two caliber bullet, aimed directly at his heart, failed to mortally wound Roosevelt because its force was slowed by a bundle of manuscript in the breast pocket of his heavy coat — a manuscript containing his speech for the evening.
      Schrenk, who was immediately detained, admitted to the crime and reportedly offered as his motive that "any man looking for a third term ought to be shot." Roosevelt, who suffered only a flesh wound from the attack, went on to deliver his scheduled speech with the bullet still in his body. After a few words, the former "Rough Rider" pulled the torn and blood-stained manuscript from his breast pocket and declared: "You see, it takes more than that to kill a Bull Moose." Later, Roosevelt, weakened by his wound, collapsed, and was rushed to the hospital where the bullet was removed. He soon recovered, but in November was defeated by Democrat candidate Woodrow Wilson, who benefited from the divided Republican party.

1888 Theophilus Van Kannel of Philadelphia receives a patent for the revolving door.
1864 Union troops capture part of Confederate General Jubal Early"s army at Moorefield, West Virginia.
1863 Siege of Fort Wagner, Charleston Harbor, South Carolina continues
1820 first potatoes planted in Hawaii
1819 Battle of Boyac; Bolívar defeats Spanish in Colombia — Tiene lugar la Batalla de Boyacá, en la que las tropas de Bolívar, que luchaban por la liberación de Nueva Granada, derrotan al ejército realista de Barreiro.
1815 Napoleón Bonaparte, derrotado por los aliados, embarca rumbo al destierro en la isla de Santa Elena.

1794 The Whiskey Rebellion      ^top^
      On 16 July of 1794 the Whiskey Rebellion started as about 500 armed men.irate farmers in the Monoghaela Valley of Pennsylvania had risen up against the federal tax on liquor and stills.
      The farmers would take revenge burning the home of the regional tax inspector and "tarring and feathering revenue officers." [picture >]
     President George Washington issues a congressionally authorized proclamation ordering the rebels to return home and calling for militia from four neighbouring states. After fruitless negotiations, Washington would ordered 12'900 soldiers to put down the Whiskey Rebellion, but opposition melted away and no battle ensued.
      Troops occupied the region and some of the rebels were tried, but the two convicted of treason were later pardoned by the president.

1754 Henry Fielding leaves London for Lisbon      ^top^
      Novelist Henry Fielding leaves London for Lisbon seeking a healthier climate. Fielding had suffered from ill health for some time, but his trip to Lisbon fails to ease his condition. He dies there two months later.
      Fielding dropped out of Eton at age 17 and started supporting himself as a successful playwright. He wrote more than two dozen plays, but his drama career ended when his satire Historical Register of the Year 1736 enraged the prime minister. In search of a new livelihood, Jones studied law and edited a newspaper for several years. Meanwhile, in 1740, Samuel Richardson's epistolary novel Pamela was published and became enormously popular. A spoof on the book, called Shamela (1741), was generally credited to Fielding, though he never admitted authorship. He did admit to writing Joseph Andrews, another satire, in 1742.
      In 1748, Fielding was appointed justice of the peace for Westminster and Middlesex. He played an important role in breaking up criminal gangs. He published one more novel, Amelia (1751), before his death in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1754. Fielding's most famous novel, Tom Jones, was printed in 1749. The novel told the humorous story of the attempts of the illegitimate but charming Tom Jones to win his neighbor's daughter. The novel boasted a vast cast of characters and provided a sweeping comic portrait of 18th-century England.
FIELDING ONLINE:
The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling. The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling (another site), The Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon, A Journey From This World to the Next

1620 Kepler's mother arrested for witchcraft
1587 William Allen, 65, is created cardinal. He had left England when Protestant Elizabeth came to power, urged Catholics to rebel against the queen, founded the college of Douay to train English priests and oversaw the Douay Bible English translation. — DOUAY BIBLE ONLINE: http://www.cybercomm.net/~dcon/drbible.html — http://www.scriptours.com/bible/ — http://www.cyberbuzz.gatech.edu/catholic/scriptures/douay.htm — Search or Download (Douay and MANY other versions and languages)
1560 Ratification of the Scots Confession by the Scottish Parliament marked the triumph of the Reformation in Scotland, under the leadership of John Knox. (In 1647, the Scots Confession was superseded by the Westminster Confession.)
1498 Columbus arrives in Caribbean.
1409 The Council of Pisa closes. Convened to end the Great Schism (1378-1417) caused by two rival popes, the Council in fact elected a third pope, Alexander V (afterwards regarded as an antipope).
1316 John XXII is elected pope. Residing at Avignon, he condemned William of Occam and Emperor Louis of Bavaria.
0768 Stephen (III) IV, 48, begins his reign as Pope, after several antipopes. He formed a close relationship with Pépin le Bref, the Frankish king, who awarded him the first of the papal estates.

TO THE TOP

Santos [left] and Uribe [right]

Deaths which occurred on an August 07: ^top^
2003 At least 11 persons by a car bomb exploding outside the Jordanian embassy in Baghdad, Iraq. The dead include a woman and two children. 65 persons are wounded.
2003 Pascal Maybon, 39, shot in the chest, at 01:00, by the driver of a car which had blocked the entrance of Maybon's garage on rue Marsau in 82290 Montbeton, near Montauban (Tarn-et-Garonne), France. As Maybon, with his wife and their three children, was returning home from a son-et-lumière show in 82400 Valence-d'Agen (where he was secrétaire général de la mairie) some 60 km distant, the blocker let Maybon's car get into the garage. When Maybon then came out alone from the house and approached the blocker's car, there was a short altercation and Maybon was shot dead.
2002 Fourteen persons by terrorist mortar shells and hand grenades in Bogotá, near Plaza de Bolívar, Casa de Nariño, and Alcaldía Mayor (more than 20 are injured) , just before, at 16:00 Alvaro Uribe Vélez [at right in photo >], elected in a landslide on 26 May 2002 for a term ending on 07 August 2006, is sworn in as president of Colombia, succeeding discredited Andrés Pastrana Arango. Also sworn in: Francisco Santos, 38, as Vice-President [at left in photo >], y los nuevos ministros: Fernando Londoño H, Interior y Justicia — Carolina Barco, Relaciones Exteriores — Martha Lucía Ramírez, Defensa — Roberto Junguito, Hacienda — Jorge Humberto Botero, Comercio — Juan Luis Londoño, Trabajo y Salud — Cecilia María Vélez, Educación — Carlos Gustavo Cano, Agricultura — Luis Ernesto Mejía, Minas y Energía — Santiago Montenegro, Jefe de Planeación Nacional — María Consuelo Araújo, Cultura — Cecilia Rodríguez, Medio Ambiente — Martha Pinto de De Hart, Comunicaciones — Andrés Uriel Gallego, Transportes.
2002 All 10 aboard US Air Force Special Operations C-130 cargo-and-passenger plane which crashes late in the day near Caguas, Puerto Rico, on a training mission out of Roosevelt Roads naval station in Puerto Rico.
2002 Hussan Ahmed Nimr, 27, shot in the heart by an Israeli sharpshooter near his home in Khan Yunis, Gaza Strip, in the afternoon. He was a senior Hamas activist.
2002 Ziad Daales, and three other Fatah Tanzim militiamen, shot by attacking Israeli troops, in Tul Karm, West Bank town, early in the morning. Daales was a regional commander of the groups's Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigade. He had been wanted by Israel for alleged involvement in the execution-style killing of two Israeli restaurant owners, Etgar Zeitouni and Motti Dayan, in Tul Karm in January 2001. The Shin Bet also claims that Daales was involved in a shooting attack in Hadera in January 2002 in which six Israelis were killed, and in dozens of other shooting attacks on Israeli troops and enclave settlers in and near Tul Karm.
2002 Three Afghan soldiers, one civilian, and 11 of the attackers, armed with AK-47 semiautomatic rifles, of 20 soldiers and 20 policemen at an Afghan government base in the Bagram-i District 10 km south of the center of Kabul. The fight goes on from 07:00 to 10:00. One attacker and four soldiers are wounded.
2001 Wael Ghanem, Palestinian traitor, shot in ambush as he was driving towards the Jewish West Bank enclave Tzofin, by Palestinian attackers hiding behind a greenhouse along the side of the road. He was a Palestinian collaborator who left the West Bank and moved to Israel proper in 1992, receiving Israeli citizenship.
2001 Commander Teli and 4 other ethnic Albanian rebels, by Macedonian police raiding their weapons cache in the Skopje suburb of Cair.

1998 Over 220 persons in the terrorist bombings of the US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania. ^top^
including
12 US citizens working at the Nairobi embassy:
Julian Bartley, 55; Jay Bartley, 20; Jesse Aliganga, 21; Molly Huckaby Hardy, 51; Kenneth Ray Hobson II, 27; Arlene Kirk, 50, Mary Louise Martin, 45; Sherry Lynn Olds, 40; Jean Rose Dalizu, 60; Prabhi Guptara Kavaler, 46; Ann Michelle O'Connor, 36; Uttamlal "Tom" Shah, 38.
30 foreign service nationals and 2 contractors at the Nairobi embassy:
Chrispin W. Bonyo — Lawrence A. Gitau — Hindu O. Idi — Tony Irungu — Geoffrey Kalio — G. Joel Kamau — Lucy N. Karigi — Francis M. Kibe — Joe Kiongo — Dominic Kithuva — Peter K. Macharia — Francis W. Maina — Cecelia Mamboleo — Lydia M. Mayaka — Francis Mbugua Ndungu — Kimeu N. Nganga — Francis Mbogo Njunge — Vincent Nyoike — Francis Olewe Ochilo — Maurice Okach — Edwin A.O. Omori — Lucy G. Onono — Evans K. Onsongo (Dept. of Agriculture) — Eric Onyango — Sellah Caroline Opati — Rachel M. Pussy (USIS) — Farhat M. Sheikh — Phaedra Vrontamitis — Adams T. Wamai (Dept. of Commerce) — Frederick M. Yafes — Contractors Moses Namayi (Dept. of Commerce) and Josiah Odero Owuor (Centers for Disease Control)
2 foreign service nationals, 6 contractors, and one more, at the Dar-es-Salaam embassy:
Yusuf Shamte Ndange — Saidi Rogath — and Contractors: Abdalla Mohamed — Abbas William Mwila — Bakari Nyumhu — Mtendeje Rajabu — Mohamed Mahundi Ramadani — Doto Lukua Ramadhani — and one more man (a Muslim) Jamal Hirsch —

US EMBASSY IN NAIROBI, KENYA
     At approximately 10:30 local time, terrorists driving in a truck detonate a large bomb in the rear parking area, near the ramp to the basement garage, of the US Embassy in Nairobi. A total of 213 people are killed, of whom 44 were American Embassy employees (12 Americans and 32 Foreign Service National employees). Ten Americans and eleven FSNs are seriously injured. An estimated 200 Kenyan civilians are killed and 4000 are injured by the blast in the vicinity of the embassy. Damage to the embassy is massive, especially internally. Although there is little structural damage to the five story reinforced concrete building, the explosion reduced much of the interior to rubble — destroying windows, window frames, internal office partitions and other fixtures on the rear side of the building. The secondary fragmentation from flying glass, internal concrete block walls, furniture, and fixtures causes most of the embassy casualties. The majority of the Kenyan casualties result from the collapse of the adjacent Ufundi Building, flying glass from the nearby Co-op Bank Building and other buildings located within a two to three block radius. Other casualties are pedestrians or motorists in the crowded streets next to the embassy.
      The local-hire contract guards at the rear of the Embassy saw the truck pull into the uncontrolled exit lane of the rear parking lot just as they closed the fence gate and the drop bar after a mail van had exited the embassy's garage. (The drop bar paralleled a series of steel bollards which encircled the embassy outside the steel grill fence that surrounds the chancery.) The truck proceeded to the embassy's rear access control area but was blocked by an automobile coming out of the Co-op Bank's underground garage. The blocking auto was forced to back up allowing the truck to come up to the embassy drop bar.
      When one of the two terrorist occupants of the truck demanded that the guards open the gates, they refused. One of the terrorists then began shooting at the chancery and the other tossed a flash grenade at one of the guards. The guards, who were unarmed, ran for cover and tried to raise the Marine Security Guard at the command post (Post #1) on a hand held radio and by a phone in the nearby guard booth. They were unsuccessful; the embassy's single radio frequency was occupied with other traffic; the telephone was busy. In the several seconds time lapse between the gunshots/grenade explosion and the detonation of the truck bomb, many embassy employees went to the windows to observe what was happening. Those who did were either killed or seriously injured.

DETAILS ON THE US NATIONALS KILLED
     Consul General Julian Bartley Sr. had three decades of government service in several countries and was working toward an ambassadorship.
     Bartley's son, “Jay” (Julian Jr.), hoped to follow in his father's footsteps. The university student had taken a summer job at the embassy.
     Jesse Aliganga, Marine Sgt., had just signed a 30-month extension of his three-year service to become an embassy guard.
      Molly Huckaby Hardy worked in the administrative office. The Kenyan job was to be her last overseas assignment. She was to go home the next month.
      Kenneth Hobson II, Army Sgt., had volunteered for embassy duty. He left a widow, Debbie, and a daughter, Meghan, 2.
      Arlene Kirk worked in the military assistance office. She had just returned to work after a six-week US vacation with her family and was thinking of moving back to the US after spending half her life working in Africa. A fiscal officer for the Air Force, Kirk and her husband, Robert, served together in the Peace Corps in South Africa in 1970.
      Louise Martin, of the Centers for Disease Control, was an epidemiologist from Atlanta. She was in Nairobi testing new drugs to fight malaria. She leaves behind her workmate husband, Douglas Klaucke, also of the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
      Air Force Senior Master Sgt. Sherry Lynn Olds joined the Air Force out of high school, following in the footsteps of her father, Delbert, who is a retired civil servant. Sgt. Olds had returned to Nairobi in June after spending two months in the United States taking courses to qualify for a promotion to become a chief master sergeant.
      Jean Dalizu was a liaison officer at the Nairobi embassy. She would be buried in Kenya, her adopted homeland where she married.
      Prabhi Kavaler, born in India, worked in the General Services Office
      Michelle O'Connor worked in the General Services. She'll be buried in Polo, Illinois, where her husband, Jim, and their three daughters will settle.
      Uttamlal "Tom" Shah worked in the Political section. He was planning to attend his 20th high school reunion that fall in Cincinnati, Ohio.

ONE OF THE NAIROBI TERRRORRISTS WOULD BE CAUGHT, TRIED, AND CONVICTED.
     On 12 June 2001, Mohamed Rashed Daoud Al-'Owhali, 24, who had confessed to his role in the attack on the embassy at Nairobi, would be sentenced to life in prison without possibility of parole, as, during 5 days, the jury could not reach unanimous agreement on the death penalty requested by the prosecution.
     Al-'Owhali's life was spared one day after Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh became the first person executed by the federal government since 1963. Under a 1996 US federal law, prosecutors can seek the death penalty in terrorist murder cases.
      McVeigh was the first person executed by the federal government since 1963. The last person sentenced to death in US District Court in Manhattan was Gerhard A. Puff, a bank robber executed in 1954 for killing an FBI agent. One year earlier, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were executed for nuclear espionage.

US EMBASSY IN DAR ES SALAAM, TANZANIA.
     In the morning a truck loaded with explosives drives up Laibon Road to one of the two vehicular gates of the US Embassy in Dar Es Salaam. Apparently unable to penetrate the perimeter because it was blocked by an embassy water tanker, the suicide bomber detonates his charge at 10:39 at a distance of about 10 meters from the outer wall of the chancery.
      The bomb attack kills twelve persons. Another 85 are injured. No Americans are among the fatalities, but many are injured, two of them seriously. The chancery suffers major structural damage and is rendered unusable, but does not collapse. No one inside the chancery is killed, in part due to the strength of the structure and in part to simple luck. A number of third-country diplomatic facilities and residences in the immediate vicinity are severely damaged, and several US Embassy residences are destroyed, as are dozens of vehicles. The US Ambassador's residence, one kilometer distant and vacant at the time, suffers roof damage and collapsed ceilings.
      At the time of the attack, two contract local guards were on duty inside a perimeter guard booth, while two others were in the pedestrian entrance screening area behind the booth and another was in the open area behind the water truck. All five were killed in the blast. The force of the blast propelled the filled water tanker over three stories into the air. It came to rest against the chancery building, having absorbed some of the shock wave that otherwise would have hit the chancery with even greater force. The driver of the water tanker and his assistant are killed.

Terrorism Research Center report (January 1999)

Osama bin Laden's involvement.
      At 10:30 a.m. local time, a massive truck bomb explodes outside the US embassy in Nairobi, Kenya. Minutes later, another truck bomb detonated outside the US embassy in Dar es Salaam, the capital of neighboring Tanzania. The dual terrorist attacks killed 224 people, including 12 Americans, and wounded more than 4,500. The United States accused Saudi exile Osama bin Laden, a proponent of international terrorism against America, of masterminding the bombings. On August 20, President Bill Clinton ordered cruise missiles launched against bin Laden's terrorist training camps in Afghanistan and against a pharmaceutical plant in Sudan, where bin Laden allegedly made or distributed chemical weapons.
      Osama bin Laden was born in 1955 into one of Saudi Arabia's wealthiest and most prominent families. His father, an immigrant from South Yemen, had built a construction company into a multibillion-dollar company. When his father died in 1968, bin Laden inherited an estimated $100 million but for the next decade drifted without focus. In 1979, however, everything changed when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan. Like tens of thousands of other Arabs, bin Laden volunteered to aid Afghanistan in repulsing the godless communist invaders of the Muslim country.
      For the first few years of the Afghan War, he traveled around Saudi Arabia and the Persian Gulf raising money for the anti-Soviet Afghan fighters. In 1982, he traveled to the front lines of the war for the first time, where he donated construction equipment for the war effort. Later, he personally fought in a handful of skirmishes and battles. However, his primary role in the anti-Soviet jihad was as financier. During the war, bin Laden made contact with a number of Islamic militants, many of whom who were as anti-Western as they were anti-Soviet.
      In 1989, the Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan, and bin Laden returned to Saudi Arabia. He grew increasingly critical of the ruling Saudi family, especially after hundreds of thousands of US troops were welcomed onto Saudi soil during the Persian Gulf War. Although his passport was taken away, he managed to escape Saudi Arabia in 1991 and settled in the Sudan. From there, he spoke out against the Saudi government and the continuing US military presence in Saudi Arabia, which he likened to the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan. After the 1993 bombing of the World Trade Center in New York, the United States began to suspect that bin Laden was involved in international terrorism against the United States. The military organization he built during the Afghan War — al-Qaeda, or "the base" — was still in existence, and US intelligence believed he was transforming it into an anti-US terrorist network.
      In 1995, bin Laden called for guerrilla attacks against US forces in Saudi Arabia, and three months later a terrorist attack against a US military installation killed five Americans. In June 1996, a truck bomb killed 19 US servicemen in Saudi Arabia. Whether or not bin Laden was involved in planning these attacks has not been established, but under US and Saudi pressure he was expelled from the Sudan in 1996. With 200 of his followers, he returned to Afghanistan, which was then falling under the control of the Taliban, a faction of extreme Islamic fundamentalists. Soon after his arrival, bin Laden issued a fatwah, or religious decree, calling for war on Americans in the Persian Gulf and the overthrow of the Saudi government. In February 1998, he issued another fatwah stating that Muslims should kill Americans, including civilians, anywhere in the world.
      On 07 August 1998 — the eighth anniversary of the deployment of US troops to Saudi Arabia — two US embassies in East Africa are bombed almost simultaneously. The attack at the Nairobi embassy, which was located in a busy downtown area, caused the greater devastation and loss of life. There, a truck loaded with one ton of TNT forced its way to the back entrance of the embassy and was detonated, shattering the embassy, demolishing the nearby Ufundi Coop House, and gutting the 17-story Cooperative Bank. By the time rescue operations came to an end, 213 people were dead, including 12 from the US. Thousands of people were wounded, and hundreds were maimed or blinded. The attack against the US embassy in Dar es Saalam killed 11 and injured 85. By 1997, US intelligence officers knew that bin Laden operatives were active in East Africa but were unable to break up the terrorist cell before the embassies were attacked. They had even heard of a possible plot to bomb the US embassy in Nairobi but failed to recommend an increase in security before the attack. Meanwhile, Prudence Bushnell, the US ambassador to Kenya, independently asked the State Department to move the Nairobi embassy because of its exposed location, but the request was not granted. Revelations of these pre-bombing security issues provoked much controversy and concern about the United States' vulnerability abroad.
      Within days of the 07 August bombings, two bin Laden associates would be arrested and charged with the attacks. However, with bin Laden and other key suspects still at large, President Clinton ordered a retaliatory military strike on 20 August. In Afghanistan, some 70 US cruise missiles hit three alleged bin Laden training camps. An estimated 24 persons were killed, but bin Laden was not present. Thirteen cruise missiles hit a pharmaceutical plant in the Sudan, and the night watchman was killed. The United States later backed away from its contention that the pharmaceutical plant was making or distributing chemical weapons for al-Qaeda.
      In November 1998, the United States indicted bin Laden and 21 others, charging them with bombing the two US embassies and conspiring to commit other acts of terrorism against Americans abroad. To date, nine of the al-Qaeda members named in the indictments have been captured: Six are in the United States, and three are in Britain fighting extradition to the United States. In February 2001, four of the suspects went on trial in New York on 302 criminal counts stemming from the embassy attacks. On 29 May all four were convicted on all counts. Saudi citizen Mohamed Rashed Daoud al-'Owhali and Tanzanian Khalfan Khamis Mohamed admitted to directly taking part in the terrorist attacks but claimed they did not knowingly engage in a conspiracy against the United States. They were both sentenced to life in prison without parole. Lebanese-born US citizen Wadih El-Hage and Jordanian Mohammed Saddiq Odeh admitted ties to bin Laden but denied involvement in any terrorist acts. They face a maximum sentence of life in prison. Since June 1999, Osama bin Laden, the chief suspect in the case, has been on the FBI's "Ten Most Wanted Fugitives" list, with a $5 million award offered for information leading to his arrest. He is believed to be in Afghanistan.

This is the eighth year anniversary of United Nations sanctions against Iraq and the ordering of US troops into the Gulf region (operation Desert Shield). Iraq informed the US Security Council that it was not going to tolerate the continuation of the sanctions beyond the eighth year anniversary.

FOLLOW-UP

2000 Ali Mohamed, Egyptian-born US citizen who served in the US Army, pleaded guilty in New York to helping plan the US Embassy bombings.

Updated: Thu, Oct 18, 2001, 12:59 PM EDT
      Four Osama bin Laden disciples convicted in the 1998 bombings of two US embassies in Africa were sentenced to life without parole, on Thursday 18 October 2001 in a city still reeling from the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks. Khalfan Khamis Mohamed, 28, was the first to be sentenced at the federal courthouse in lower Manhattan under heightened security. He and Mohamed Rashed Al-'Owhali, 24, were sentenced for direct involvement in the bombings. Mohamed Sadeek Odeh, 36, of Jordan, and Wadih El-Hage, 41, were convicted of conspiracy and had been eligible for lesser sentences; El-Hage, a former personal secretary to bin Laden, was the lone US citizen convicted in the attacks. Judge Leonard B. Sand ordered each of the men to pay $33 million in restitution: $7 million to the victims' families, and $26 million to the US government. At a pre-sentencing hearing on Wednesday, Sand said the defendants were indigent. But he also suggested that frozen assets might be used for victims, thanks to recent attempts by the Bush administration to choke off the funding of al-Qaida and other terror groups.
      The near-simultaneous 07 August 1998, bombings of the embassies in Kenya and Tanzania killed 231 people, including 12 Americans. They were quickly blamed on bin Laden, who was indicted in the case, and his al-Qaida terrorist organization. El-Hage, described by prosecutors as leading a double life where he raised both seven children and money for bin Laden's network, condemned the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks and the embassy bombings in a 30-minute address to the judge. "The killing of innocent people is radical, extreme and cannot be tolerated by any religion, principles or values," said El-Hage, a Lebanese-born naturalized American. He repeatedly asserted his innocence, claiming he was a law-abiding American and a devout Muslim opposed to violence. Odeh was described by defense lawyer Ed Wilford as "a soldier in the military wing of al-Qaida." He said the attack, in Odeh's view, was an attack against the US for its support of Israel. Odeh criticized the Clinton administration on Thursday 18 October 2001 for its bombing of Afghanistan after the embassy attacks "I can only say to Allah we belong, and to him we'll return," he said. "God help me in my calamity, and replace it with goodness."
      Mohamed, convicted of helping build the bomb that struck the embassy in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, declined to address the court. He and Al-'Owhali had faced a possible death penalty in the case, but the jury could not agree on that sentence. Through his attorney, Mohamed said he "wishes to express gratitude to a jury that spared his life." "The jury has found you guilty of crimes that mandate a life sentence, and I will of course impose a life sentence," the judge told him. Al-'Owhali, who rode the bomb vehicle up to the embassy in Nairobi, Kenya, and tossed stun grenades at guards before fleeing, also declined to address the court. The four defendants' six-month trial attracted little interest before the 11 September terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, which killed more than 5'000 people. Security was tightened Thursday around the courthouse just blocks from the trade center rubble. The courthouse is surrounded by steel barricades to prevent possible attacks. The sentencing came after an appeal for life sentences by the spouses of two people killed in the embassy bombings. "Let them die conscious of the fact that their souls will be condemned forever," said Howard Kavaler, whose wife died in the attack on the Kenyan embassy. Susan Hirsch, whose husband was killed in the bombing of the Tanzanian embassy, said the defendants were giving the world a distorted view of the Islamic religion. Her husband, Jamal, was Muslim.

1996 At least 86 by a flash flood at a Pyrenees mountain campsite in Spain.
1992 Francisco Fernández Ordóñez, político español.
1989 US Congressman Mickey Leland, D-TX, and 15 others in a small plane which crashes in Ethiopia. The wreckage would be found only six days later.
1985 Gábor Szegö, Jewish Hungarian US mathematician born on 20 January 1895. He worked in the area of extremal problems and Toeplitz matrices.
1980 Más de un centenar de víctimas por el huracán "Allen" a su paso por el Caribe.
1974 Rosario Castellanos, escritora mexicana.
1973 Four hundred civilians, as a US plane accidentally bombs a Cambodian village.
1970 Presiding judge and 3 others, in courthouse shootout in San Rafael, Calif (Police charge Angela Davis provided weapons)
1957 Oliver Hardy, 65, comedian of Laurel and Hardy.
1956 Cerca de mil personas cuando siete camiones del ejército colombiano cargados de municiones y combustible estallan en el centro de la ciudad de Cali.
1941, 551 Jews, shot in Kishnev ghetto in Romania

1941 Rabindranath Tagore , 80, Bengali poet, short-story writer, song composer, playwright, essayist, and painter.      ^top^
     He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913. Tagore introduced new prose and verse forms and the use of colloquial language into Bengali literature, thereby freeing it from traditional models based on classical Sanskrit. He was highly influential in introducing the best of Indian culture to the West and vice versa, and he is generally regarded as the outstanding creative artist of modern India.
      TAGORE ONLINE: Chitra: A Play in One Act (1892), The Crescent Moon: Child-Poems (1913 - illustrated) , Fruit-Gathering (1916 - poems), Gitanjali (1912), Gitanjali (another site), The Home and the World (1916, a novel, trans.), The Hungry Stones and Other Stories (1916 - short stories), The King of the Dark Chamber (1914 - powerful drama) , The Post Office (1914 - a fable play, death of a child; trans.), Stray Birds (1916 - philosophical epigrams)
Songs of Tagore: Clip from Purano Shei Diner Kotha (1.8 M wav), Aguner Parasmani (4.8 M wav)
     — Rabindranath Tagore, poeta indio, Premio Nobel.

1919 Will Nathaniel Harben, author. HARBEN ONLINE: Northern Georgia Sketches
1918 Jaime Vera, médico y político socialista español.
1911 Elizabeth (Chase) Akers Allen, author. ELIZABETH ALLEN ONLINE: Forest Buds, From the Woods of Maine
1906 Three blacks victims of "The Lyerly Murders.". lynched by a a mob which defies a court order in North Carolina.
1899 Alexander Balmain Bruce, author. BRUCE ONLINE: The Training of the Twelve
1899 Jacob Henricus (or Hendrikus) Maris, Dutch painter specialized in Landscapes, born on 25 August 1837. — MORE ON MARIS AT ART “4” AUGUST with links to images.
1882 Dozens of Hatfields and McCoys as Hatfields of south WV and McCoys of east Ky feud, 100 wounded or die.
1877 Aleksander Kotsis, Polish artist born on 03 May 1836.
1862 William Turner (of Oxford), English painter born on 12 November (December?) 1789.
1815 Johannes Jacobus Linthorst, Dutch artist born in 1750, give or take 5 years.
1752 (1759?) Jan Josef Horemans Sr. “Le Brun”, Antwerp Flemish artist born on 16 November 1682. — more — Garden with Figures on a Terrace
1691 Cornelis Mehus, Flemish artist born in 1630.
0117 Marcus Trajan, 65, Roman emperor from A.D. 98-117. His attitude toward Christianity gradually changed from toleration to persecution. It was during Trajan's rule that Apostolic Father Ignatius of Antioch was martyred.

Births which occurred on an August 07:
1963 Patrick Bouvier Kennedy, second son of president John F. Kennedy, 46, and Jacqueline (Bouvier) Kennedy, 34, first child to be born to a president in office, since Cleveland. Born premature, he died 39 hours after birth.

1954 Jonathan Jay Pollard. ^top^
He would grow up to be a civilian US Navy Intelligence Officer, who dealt with classified information notably concerning Israel's security, which, according to his supporters, ought to have been shared with Israel by the US, but was not. So he took it upon himself to inform Israel. In 1985, Jonathan Pollard was arrested. On June 4, 1986 he pleaded guilty and at the conclusion of his trial he was condemned to a life sentence for espionage in favor of Israel.

1944 World's first progammable computer, the mechanical Mark I ^top^
The world's first program-controlled calculator, the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (popularly called the Harvard Mark I) is inaugurated. The machine, built by Harvard researcher Howard Aiken with the support of IBM, weighed five tons, was 16 m long and 60 cm deep, and contained 750'000 parts. The machine stored seventy-two numbers and could perform three additions or subtractions a second. The machine could also perform more complicated functions, such as calculating logarithms or performing trigonometry. Although the device quickly excited public interest, the mechanical machine was eclipsed by the advent of the electronic computer in 1946.

1942 Isabel Allende, escritora chilena.
1927 Edwin W Edwards (Gov-La)
1917 Pedro de Lorenzo, escritor y periodista español.
1916 Richard Hofstadter, physicist who won the Nobel prize in 1961 for his studies of neutrons and protons.
1904 Ralph Bunche, US diplomat, a key member of the United Nations for more than two decades, and winner (first African-American) of the 1950 Nobel Prize for Peace for his successful negotiation of an Arab-Israeli truce in Palestine the previous year. He died on 09 December 1971.
1903 Louis Leakey, anthropologist, archeologist and paleontologist, believed Africa was the cradle of mankind. (1964 Richard Hooper Medal)
1890 Einar Jolin, Stockholm painter who died on 14 June 1976 (1990?).
1886 Wilhem Gimmi, Swiss painter, printmaker, and illustrator, who died on 29 August 1965 (1960?).
1886 Louis Hazeltine inventor (neutrodyne circuit, making radio possible)
1881 Alexander Flemming, Scottish bacteriologist who discovered penicillin in 1928.

1876 Margaretha Geertruida Zelle, (married name Mrs. Margaretha G. Macleod), in Leeuwarden, Netherlands. ^top^
Under the name Mata Hari she would become a courtesan and world-famous alleged spy during World War I. Educated in a convent, she married Campbell MacLeod, a captain of the Dutch colonial army, in 1895; they were divorced a few years later. She settled in Paris, and shortly in 1905 she began to perform erotic dances for private gatherings. In 1907 she allegedly became a spy (Agent H-21) for Germany, attending a school for espionage in Lörrach. Possibly a double agent, through her liaisons with high-ranking Allied officers she would have been able to obtain important military information. On 13 February 1917 she was arrested in Paris, imprisoned, tried by a military court on 24-25 July 1917, sentenced to death, and shot by a firing squad on 15 October 1917

1875 Gerhard Arij Ludwig Munthe (Morgensterjne), Dutch artist who died in 1927.
1870:: 19 kittens born to Tarawood Antigone (4 stillborn)
1868 Ladislaus Josefovich Bortkiewicz, Russian mathematician who died on 15 July 1931..
1867 Emil Hansen “Nolde”, German Expressionist painter, watercolorist, and printmaker known for his violent religious works and his foreboding landscapes. He died on 15 April 1956 — MORE ON NOLDE AT ART “4” AUGUST with links to many images.
1863 Alfred Sutro, author. SUTRO ONLINE: (English translation): The Life of the Bee
1862 Henri Eugène Augustin Le Sidaner, French painter who died in 1939. — MORE ON LE SIDANER AT ART “4” AUGUST — LINKS — Le Pont _ détail — Table dans le Jardin which looks almost like a detail of: La Table du Thé — Dimanche — Petit Village: Gerberoy
1855 Stanley Weyman, WEYMAN ONLINE: From the Memoirs of a Minister of France, A Gentleman of France: Being the Memoirs of Gaston de Bonne, Sieur de Marsac, The House of the Wolf: A Romance, Under the Red Robe
1844 Hugo Wilhelm Kaufmann, German artist who died on 30 December 1915.
1843 Charles Warren Stoddard, STODDARD ONLINE: In the Footprints of the Padres
1829 Robert Barnwell Roosevelt, ROBERT ROOSEVELT ONLINE: Five Acres Too Much
1795 Joseph Rodman Drake, DRAKE ONLINE: The American Flag and: The Culprit Fay, and Other Poems
1789 The US War Department is created by Congress.
1779 Carl Ritter cofounder of modern science of geography.
1763 Johann-Jakob Biedermann, Swiss painter and engraver who died on 10 April 1830. — more
1742 Nathanael Greene, Revolutionary war hero, in Rhode Island. Appointed to the rank of major general in 1776, Greene is best known for his astuteness as commander in chief of the southern army, a position he assumed in 1778.
1598 Georg Stiernhielm "father of Swedish poetry" (Hercules) He died in 1672 — STIERNHIELM ONLINE: Hercules (1658) — Hercules (page images to download) — Gambla Swea- och Götha-Måles Fatebur (1643) (page images to download) [nothing to do with gambling]
1533 Alonso de Ercilla, soldado y poeta español.
0317 Constantius II Roman emperor (337-61)

Holidays Columbia : Battle of Boyac (1819) / Ivory Coast/C“te d'Ivoire : Independence Day (1760) / Trinidad and Tobago : Discovery Day (1498) / Bahamas, Barbados, Turks and Caicos Island : Emancipation Day (1838)

Religious Observances Ang, Episcopal : Holy Name of Jesus / RC : Sixtus II, pope, and his companions, martyrs (opt) / RC, Ang : St Cajetan, confessor (opt) / Ang : John Mason Neale, priest / Santos Cayetano, Sixto, Fausto, Justino, Julián y Claudia.

Thought for the day: “That must be wonderful! I don't understand it at all.” [At least it is the traditional standard for Arabic literature and oratory, not to mention modern Western science, technology, and so-called “art”]

TO THE TOP

PLEASE CLICK HERE TO WRITE TO “HISTORY 4 2DAY”
http://www.jcanu.hpg.com.br/history/h4aug/h4aug07.html
http://members.xoom.virgilio.it/all42day/history/h4aug/h4aug07.html
updated Sunday 10-Aug-2003 18:07 UT

site safe for children