1906 Manuel Domínguez-Sánchez, pintor
español.
1901 Juan Manuel Blanes, Romanian
Uruguayan artist born in 1830.
1889 José de Veuster,
el “Padre Damián de Molokai” , misionero belga.
1876 Theude Grönland, German artist born on 31 August
1817.
1865
Abraham Lincoln, 56. ^top^
— At 07:22, the sixteenth president
of the United States dies from a
bullet wound inflicted the night before by John Wilkes Booth [10 May
1838 – 26 April 1865] an actor and Confederate sympathizer.
Vice-President Andrew
Johnson [29 Dec 1808 – 31 Jul 1875] becomes the 17th president
of the US.
Lincoln's death comes
only six days after Confederate General Robert E. Lee [] surrendered
his massive army at Appomattox, the beginning of the end of the US
Civil War. In early April, with Confederate armies near collapse across
the South, Booth, an actor who remained in the North during the war
despite his Confederate sympathies, hatched a desperate plan to save
the Confederacy.
Learning that
Lincoln was to attend the acclaimed performance of “Laura Keene”
[Mary Moss: 1826 – 04 Nov 1876] in Our
American Cousin by Tom
Taylor [19 Oct 1817 – 12 Jul 1880], at Washington's Ford's
Theater on 14 April, Booth and a group of conspirators plotted
the assassination of Lincoln, Vice President Andrew Johnson, and Secretary
of State William H. Seward [16 May 1801 – 10 Oct 1872]. By murdering
the president and two of his possible successors, they hoped to throw
the Union government into a paralyzing disarray. Only Booth, assigned
to murder Lincoln, would be successful.
Just after 22:00, Booth entered Lincoln's private box unnoticed, and
shot the president with a single bullet in the back of his head. Slashing
an army officer who rushed at him, Booth jumped to the stage and shouted
"Sic semper tyrannis! — the South is avenged!" Although Booth
had broken his left leg jumping from Lincoln's box, he succeeded in
escaping from Washington.
The
president, mortally wounded, was carried to a cheap lodging house
opposite Ford's Theater. An hour after dawn the next morning, Abraham
Lincoln died, becoming the first president to be assassinated. His
body was taken to the White House where it lay until 18 April,
at which point it was carried to the Capitol rotunda to lay in state
on a catafalque.
Several days after
the assassination, Lincoln's fourth and last child, Thomas
“Tad” Lincoln [04 April 1853–] said to a White
House servant, “Pa is dead. I can hardly believe that I shall
never see him again. I must learn to take care of myself now. Yes,
Pa is dead, and I am only Tad Lincoln now, little Tad, like other
little boys. I am not a President's son now. I won't have many presents
anymore. Well, I will try and be a good boy, and will hope to go someday
to Pa and brother Willie, in heaven.” He did not have to wait
many years. Tad died on 15 July 1871, probably of tuberculosis. Willie
Lincoln [21 Dec 1850 – 20 Feb 1862] was the third child
of Abraham Lincoln, whose second child, Edward
"Eddie" Baker Lincoln [10 Mar 1846 – 01 Feb 1850], but who
was survived by his son Robert
Todd Lincoln [01 Aug 1843 – 26 Jul 1926] and his wife Mary
Todd Lincoln [13 Dec 1818 – 16 Jul 1882].
On 21 April 1865, Lincoln's body was taken to the railroad station
and boarded on a train that conveyed it to Springfield, Illinois,
his home before becoming president. Tens of thousands of persons lined
the train's railroad route and paid their respects to their fallen
leader during the train's solemn progression through the North. Lincoln
was buried on 04 April 1865, at Oak Ridge Cemetery, near Springfield.
Booth, pursued by the army and
secret service forces, was finally cornered in a barn near Bowling
Green, Virginia, and died from a possibly self-inflicted bullet wound
as the barn was burned to the ground (26 April).
On his body was found a diary.
Of the nine [or 8?] other persons eventually charged
with the conspiracy, four
were hanged and four were jailed. Mary Surratt [May 1820 –
07 Jul 1865], owner of the boardinghouse where Booth stayed but probably
completely innocent, was one of those hanged. One of those jailed
was Dr.
Samuel Mudd, 31, from whom comes the expression "his name
is mud"
Abraham Lincoln
was born on 12 February 1809 in Hardin County, Kentucky, as legend
would have it in a log cabin (“which he built with his own hands”
some humorist added). He was the second child of farmer Thomas
Lincoln [06 Jan 1776 – 17 Jan 1851], son of an Abraham Lincoln
who had been killed by Amerindians while clearing farmland. When he
was eight the family moved to Indiana “ a wild region, with many
bears and other wild animals still in the woods.” When he was
ten, his mother, Nancy
Hanks Lincoln [05 Feb 1784 – 05 Oct 1818], died of "milk
sickness," an illness contracted by drinking milk from a cow that
had consumed the poisonous white snakeroot. His father married the
widow Sarah
Bush Johnston [12 Dec 1788 – 10 Dec 1869] on 02 December
1819 and she became a good and kind mother to Abraham and to his sister
Sarah [10 Feb 1807 – 20 Jan 1828], as she was to her own three
children. In March 1830 the Lincolns moved to Illinois.
Lincoln
spent only one year at school, but he read a lot and made extraordinary
efforts to attain knowledge while working on a farm, splitting rails
for fences, and working as a storekeeper, postmaster and surveyor
in New Salem, Illinois.
He took
a keen interest in politics and supported the Whig
Party. In 1834 Lincoln was elected to the Illinois State Legislature
where he argued that the role of federal government was to encourage
business by establishing a national bank, imposing protective tariffs
and improving the country's transport system.
Lincoln
became a lawyer after passing his bar examination in 1836. There was
not much legal work in New Salem and the following year he moved to
Springfield, the new state capital of Illinois
He was a captain in the Black Hawk War, spent eight years in the Illinois
legislature, and rode the circuit of courts for many years. His law
partner said of him, "His ambition was a little engine that knew no
rest."
On 04 November, 1842,
Lincoln married Mary Todd, the daughter of a prosperous family from
Kentucky. The couple had four sons: Robert Lincoln [1843-1926], Edward
Baker Lincoln [1846-1850], William Lincoln [1850-62] and Thomas Lincoln
[1853-1871]. Three of the boys died young and only Robert lived long
enough to marry, Mary Harlan on 24 September 1868, and have children:
Mary Lincoln [15 Oct 1869 – 21 Nov 1938], Abraham “Jack”
Lincoln [14 Aug 1873 – 05 Mar 1890], and Jessie Lincoln [06
Nov 1875 – 06 Jan 1948].
In 1858 Abraham Lincoln ran against Stephen A. Douglas [23
Apr 1813 – 03 Jun 1861] for Senator. He lost the election,
but in debating
with Douglas he gained a national reputation that won him the
Republican nomination for President in 1860.
(He also said
that he was proud to be of the White race, superior to the Black race):
“I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with
the institution of slavery in the States where it exists. I believe
I have no lawful right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so.
I have no purpose to introduce political and social equality between
the white and the black races. There is a physical difference between
the two, which, in my judgment, will probably forever forbid their
living together upon the footing of perfect equality, and inasmuch
as it becomes a necessity that there must be a difference,
I, as well as
Judge Douglas, am in favor of the race to which
I belong having the superior position. I
have never said anything to the contrary, but I hold that, notwithstanding
all this, there is no reason in the world why the negro is not entitled
to all the natural rights enumerated in the Declaration of Independence,
the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. I hold that
he is as much entitled to these as the white man. I agree with Judge
Douglas he is not my equal in many respects — certainly not in color,
perhaps not in moral or intellectual endowment. But in the right to
eat the bread, without the leave of anybody else, which his own hand
earns, he is my equal and the equal of Judge Douglas, and the equal
of every living man.” [from first
Lincoln-Douglas debate 21 Aug 1858]
Lincoln
warned the South in his Inaugural Address: "In your hands, my dissatisfied
fellow countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil
war. The government will not assail you.... You have no oath registered
in Heaven to destroy the government, while I shall have the most solemn
one to preserve, protect and defend it."
Lincoln thought secession illegal, and was willing to use force to
defend Federal law and the Union. When Confederate batteries fired
on Fort Sumter and forced its surrender, he called on the states for
75,000 volunteers. Four more slave states joined the Confederacy but
four remained within the Union. The Civil War had begun.
As President, he built the Republican Party into a strong national
organization. Further, he rallied most of the northern Democrats to
the Union cause. On 01 January 1863, he issued the Emancipation Proclamation
that declared forever free those slaves within the Confederacy.
Lincoln never let the world forget
that the Civil War involved an even larger issue. This he stated most
movingly in dedicating the military cemetery at Gettysburg: "that
we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain
— that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom
— and that government of the people, by the people, for the people,
shall not perish from the earth."
Lincoln won re-election in 1864, as Union military triumphs heralded
an end to the war. In his planning for peace, the President was flexible
and generous, encouraging Southerners to lay down their arms and join
speedily in reunion.
The spirit
that guided him was clearly that of his Second Inaugural Address,
now inscribed on one wall of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington DC:
"With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the
right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish
the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds.... "
When
he assassinated Lincoln, John Wilkes Booth somehow thought that he
was helping the South. The opposite was the result, for with Lincoln's
death, the possibility of peace with magnanimity died and the bitter
period of “Reconstruction” ensued.
Portraits of Lincoln and of his family:
by Healy:
Abraham
Lincoln
by Saint-Gaudens:
Abraham
Lincoln (1887)
by Courter:
Lincoln
and His Son, Tad (1929)
by Peto:
Lincoln
and the Phleger Stretcher (1898)
by Waters:
The
Lincoln Children (1845)
by Carpenter:
The
Lincoln Family (1865)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAlincoln.htm
Photos:
by Anthony Berger: Abraham
Lincoln (09 Feb 1864) |
1808 Hubert Robert, French landscape painter born on 22
May 1733. — MORE
ON ROBERT AT ART “4” APRIL
with links to images.
| 1794
(26 germinal an II) Condamnés à mort par la Révolution:
^top^
Par le tribunal révolutionnaire
de Paris:
DALENÇON Charles Mathias, âgé de 67 ans
(sic), né en 1744 (sic) à Bar-sur-Ornain
(ci-devant Bar-le-Duc), département de la Meuse, ex seigneur de
Neuville-sur-Ornain, ex comte, domicilié à Neuville, département
de la Meuse, comme conspirateur et pour inteligence avec les émigrés
GATTEY Marie Claudine, ex religieuse du couvent
de St Lazare, âgée de 39 ans, née à Autun, département de la Saône
et Loire domiciliée à Paris département de la Seine, condamnée à
mort par le tribunal révolutionnaire de Paris, pour avoir la veille
crié "Vive le roi!", dans l'enceinte de l'audience du tribunal révolutionnaire,
par désespoir de ce que son cousin François Charles Gattey,
libraire, venait d'être . Elle voulait, pour lui témoigner son amitié,
mourir avec lui, mais son exécution fut ajournée au lendemain.
PREVOST Brice, chapelier, âgé de 28 ans, né à Sansfront,
département de l’Orne, domicilié à Paris département de la Seine,
par le tribunal révolutionnaire de Paris comme contre-révolutionnaire,
ayant tenu des propos tendants à l’avilissement et à la dissolution
de la représentation nationale, et au rétablissement de la royauté.
ROGER Gaspard, âgé de 38 ans, salpêtrier, brasseur,
né et domicilié à Neuville, département de la Meuse, par le tribunal
révolutionnaire de Paris, comme conspirateur, ayant fait plusieurs
voyages au camp de la lune, occupé par les Prussiens, ayant porté
différent marchandises, notamment du sucre et du café, ayant fait
passer des fourrages, ayant été l’agent de l’ex noble d’Alençon,
dont les fils sont émigrés et leur ayant fait passer de l’argent.
TESSIER Joseph François Alexandre (dit Duclozeau),
physicien, membre du conseil général du département de Mayenne et
Loire, âgé de 39 ans, natif des Rosières, même département, domicilié
à Vannes, département du Morbihan, par le tribunal révolutionnaire,
ayant contribué à la rédaction de la lettre du conseil général du
département de Mayenne et Loire, adressée à l'ex-ministre Rolland,
et en prenant part dans cette adresse aux regrets qu'il éprouvait
avec ses collègues sur la disgrâce de ce ministre.
...
comme conspirateurs:
LESCALE Victoire, femme Royer, ex noble, 40 ans,
et LESCALE Marie Jeanne, 52 ans, vivant de son
industrie, nées à Villot, domiciliées à Neuville, département de
la Meuse.
... ...
domiciliés dans le département de Mayenne et Loire:
BREVET Louis Etienne, (dit Beaujour), âgé de 30
ans, né à Angers, y demeurant, ex avocat du roi au ci-devant présidial
d'Angers, ex député à l'Assemblée Constitutionnelle, et commissaire
nationale au district du département de Mayenne et Loire.
COURAUDIN Aimé, (dit Lanoue), âgé de 31 ans, né
à Angers, . ex conseiller du roi au bailliage et présidial d'Angers,
depuis président du district d'Angers.
DIEUSIE ou BIEUSIE Louis, âgé de 45 ans, natif
de Mezengé, département de la Loire Inférieure, ex noble ex constituant
et président du département de Mayenne et Loire, domicilié à Angers.
LAREVEILLIERE Jean Baptiste, président du tribunal
criminel du département, de Mayenne et Loire, âgé de 41 ans, né
à Montaigu, département de la Vendée, ex conseiller du tyran roi
au présidial d'Angers, département de la Mayenne et Loire, par le
tribunal révolutionnaire de Paris, comme conspirateur.
Domiciliés dans le département des
Bouches du Rhône, par le tribunal criminel dudit département:
BREST Pierre, ouvrier confiseur, domicilié à Marseille,
comme messager des fédéralistes.
JOURDAN Pierre, prêtre, domicilié à Aubagnes, comme
contre-révolutionnaire.
Guillotinés à Arras:
ANSART Louis François Joseph, 84 ans, ex religieux
de l'abbaye de St Vaast, ci-devant prévost de Labeuvrière.
BOSCA (?) François, 64 ans, né à Gramat (lot),
celibataire demeurant à Biache, capitaine au ci-devant régiment
de Vintimille.
LALBINQUE Mathurin, 65 ans, né à Albinque, ancien
capitaine au ci-devant régiment de Vintimille époux de Dumortier
Marguerite Joseph.
Comme brigands de la Vendée,
domiciliés dans le département de Mayenne, par la commission
militaire séante à Laval:
BADALLIER Jean, laboureur, domicilié à la
Chapelle-le-Prêtre, canton de Laval. — GEORGET François,
laboureur domicilié à Bourg-le-Prêtre.
BOURDAIS Jean et PLEURIAN Jean,
domiciliés à Ruillé-le-Gravelais, canton de Laval.
Ailleurs:
BRAGOUSE Pierre, père, (dit St Sauveur), domicilié
à Mayrveis, département de la Lozère, comme contre-révolutionnaire,
par le tribunal criminel dudit département.
EPHIN Joseph, hussard de Chamboran et déserteur,
domicilié à Pertau, département du Bas-Rhin, par la commission militaire
de l’armée du Nord, comme contre-révolutionnaire.
SERVANT Gabriel Claude, compagnon faiseur de bas,
âgé de 45 ans, né et domicilié à Lyon, département du Rhône, comme
contre-révolutionnaire, par la commission révolutionnaire de Lyon.
|
| 1793 Condamnés à mort par
la Révolution: ^top^
Comme brigands de la Vendée,
domiciliés dans le département de la Vendée, par la
commission militaire séante
aux Sables:
BARRAUD Jean, domestique, BRISARD Noël,
laboureur, et ROUSSEAU Jean, laboureur, domiciliés
à St Gervais, canton de Challans
FRUCHARD Louis, maire de Véré. — MORISSEAU Louis, journalier,
domicilié à Tallemont. — PERTUZÉ Gabriel, chirugien, domicilié
à Landvieille
Ailleurs:
BONNECARRERE veuve Collet, femme de journée, domiciliée
à Paris, département de la Seine, comme distributrice de faux assignats,
par le tribunal criminel du département de la Seine.
ROUXEL Philibert François (dit Vlanchelandé), lieutenant
général et gouverneur des Isles Sous le Vent, âgé de 58 ans, natif
de Dijon, département de la Côte-d’Or, domicilié à Chaussin, département
du Jura, par le tribunal révolutionnaire de Paris, comme convaincu
d’avoir autorisé des détentions et déportations arbitraires à St
Domingue, et d’avoir favorisé le parti contre-révolutionnaire des
colonies portant pour signe de ralliement un pompon blanc.
VASSEL Jean Mathieu, ci-devant prêtre, âgé de 34
ans, domicilié à Saint-Just, département de la Haute-Loire, comme
réfractaire par la commission militaire séante au Puy, devenant
ainsi la première victime de la Terreur dans la Haute-Loire.
|
1792 PERTUZÉ Gabriel, chirugien, domicilié à Landvieille,
département de la Vendée, condamné à mort comme brigand de
la Vendée, par la commission militaire des Sables.
1776
Balthasar Beschey, Flemish artist born on 20 November 1708.
1764 Jeanne Antoinette Poisson, marquise de Pompadour.
1757 Rosalba Carriera, Italian artist born on 07
October 1675— MORE
ON CARRIERA AT ART “4” APRIL
with links to images.
1754 Jacopo
Francesco Riccati, Venetian mathematician born on 28 May 1676.
He wrote on philosophy, physics and differential equations. He is chiefly
known for the Riccati differential equation.
1704 Johann
van Waveren Hudde, Dutch mathematician, burgomeister of Amsterdam
(1672-1702), born on 23 April 1628. He worked on maxima and minima and the
theory of equations. He gave an ingenious method to find multiple roots
of an equation which is essentially the modern method of finding the highest
common factor of a polynomial and its derivative. He also worked on optics,
producing microscopes and constructing telescope lenses. Hudde corresponded
with Huygens
[14 Apr 1629 – 08 Jul 1695] on problems of canal maintenance, probability
and life expectancy. In 1657 Hudde directed the flooding of parts of Holland
to block the advance of the French army.
1700 Giovanni Maria
Viani, Venetian pastelist born on 11 September 1636. — more
1622 Leandro Bassano da Ponte, Italian Mannerist
painter born on 26 June 1557. — MORE
ON BASSANO AT ART “4” APRIL
with links to images. |
On
an April 15: 
—
— 
— Darahíja
Bielorùsy! Chrystos uvaskrós! Sapraudý uvaskrós!
— 
— Xristos v'zkrese, naistina v'zkrese — Sretan Uskrs. Kristus
vstal mrtvých. Pokoj vàm. — Zalig Pasen in de vreugde
van de Heer! Bedankt voor de bloemen uit Nederland die ook dit jaar de viering
op het Sint Pietersplein opluisteren. — A blessed Easter in the Joy
of Jesus Christ, the Risen Lord and Savior of the world! — Felician
Paskon en Kristo resurektinta. — Kristus on surnuist üles tyusnud.
Siunattua Pääsiäistä. — Bonne fête de Pâques, dans la joie et la paix
du Christ ressuscité! — Frohe und gesegnete Ostern! Der Friede des
Auferstandenen sei mit euch! Krisztus feltamadott, Alleluja. — Selamat
Paskah. Beannacht na Câsga dhuibh go lêir. — Buona Pasqua
a voi, uomini e donne di Roma e d’Italia! Il messaggio di fraternità e di
pace, che ogni anno in questo giorno si rinnova con vigore, si diffonda
in ogni parte dell’amata Penisola italiana e rechi dappertutto gioia e serenità.
Il Signore risorto con la sua presenza sia di sostegno a voi tutti: ai bambini
ed agli adulti, ai giovani ed agli anziani, alle famiglie e alle comunità,
ai responsabili delle pubbliche amministrazioni e a quanti operano al servizio
del prossimo. Rechi conforto specialmente agli ammalati e a quanti soffrono
fisicamente o spiritualmente. A tutti e a ciascuno ripeto con affetto: Buona
e Santa Pasqua! — Pásika nzíza / Umúnezéro n'ámahoro Krístu jarazútse.
— Ntimuíhebúre! Pásika Nzíza Mwése! Yézu Yazútse. — In Eius resurrectione
vita omnium resurrexit. Alleluja! — Priecîgas lieldienas —
Linksme Szwentu Welìku; Prisikelias Krystus wisiems tesuteikia Dziaugsmo
ir Ranzibis! — Frou a geseent Ouschteren.— 
—
Arahaba Tratry Ny Paka. — L-Ghid it-tajjeb ghall-poplu kollu ia'Multu
u ta'Ghawdex. — Maligajang pagkabuhay ni Kristo. — Chrystus zmartwychwstal.
Alleluja! W tym radosnym dniu, zycze wszystkim moim Rodakom, aby ta zbawcza
prawda umacniala ich wiare, budzila nadzieje i ozywiala braterska milosc.
Niech stale towarzyszy wszystkim swiatlo wielkanocnego poranka. — Feliz
e Santa Pácoa em Cristo, Redentor do homem e nossa paz. Ao Brasil, que celebra
os quinhentos anos do seu descobrimento, exprimo meus votos de felicidades,
invocando as Bênçãos de Deus! — O Jsus si ustilo! Lachi Patrâci!
— Serdechno mozdravlyayu vsex so svetlym prazdnikom Voskreceniya Xristova.
Xristos Voskrese! — Wjesowe Jutry! Chrystus z mortwych stanyl, halleluja!
— Xristos vaskrse! — Milostiplné a rahostné velkonochné
sviatky. — Blagoslovljene velikonochne praznike — Felices Pascuas
en la alegría de Cristo Resucitado. — Heri na baraka zangu kwa sikukuu
ya Pasaka kwenu wote. — Glad Pàsk. — Paskalya vesilesi ile sizlere
de esenlik dolu günler dilerim. — Xristos Boskres! Veselix. Svyat v
Voskresiniyak Xristovim! — Mu'ng lé phu,c sinh.
2003
Fourteen Iraqis, shot by US Marines in Mosul. A crowd of some 3000
had started throwing stones during a speech by Mashaan al-Juburi, who claimed
to be the new governor and who is disliked by many because of his past as
a journalist for the newspaper of Saddam Hussein's Baath Party. Some 130
US Marines were trying to secure a government building for use as a meeting
center. Some people in the crowd start shooting weapons into the air (according
to the Marines). The Marines feel threatened and shoot into the crowd. Some
20 Iraqis are wounded.
2002
1942
The Victims of the 6th and Last Day of the Bataan Death March
1912::
In the disaster's aftermath, the first International Convention for Safety
of Life at Sea was held in 1913. Rules were adopted requiring that every
ship have lifeboat space for each person on board, and that lifeboat drills
be held. An International Ice Patrol was established to monitor icebergs
in the North Atlantic shipping lanes. It was also required that ships
maintain a 24-hour radio watch. 
