<<
Feb 08| HISTORY 4
2DAY |Feb
10 >> Events, deaths, births, of FEB 09 [For Feb 09 Julian go to Gregorian date: 1583~1699: Feb 19 1700s: Feb 20 1800s: Feb 21 1900~2099: Feb 22] |
On a February
09: 2003 Presidential election in Montenegro fails again, as only 47.1% of the electorate of 450'000 voted (on the first try, 22 December 2002, only 45.9% voted). Filip Vujanovic, candidate of the main ruling party gets 81.7% of the vote, the rest is spread among eight candidates. Before the next try, the law will probably be repealed which requires a minimun of 50% of the electorate to vote for the election to be valid. Opposition parties, led by the Socialist People's Party (SNP), boycotted the election again. The SNP accused the ruling coalition of ruining the country's economy while some other parties blame it for giving up independence plans. .^ 2001 Blind cod saved by emergency operation. A blind cod was clinging to life today after surviving a critical medical operation and 40 nettings by a Norwegian fisherman. The blind cod had swum into the same net about 35 times in the Norwegian fjord of Hardanger and is only alive because a soft-hearted fisherman frees him each time. "He's too thin to eat and he's in bad condition," said Harald Hauso, 69, on 26 January 2001, "and I feel a bit sorry for him." The cod, blind in both eyes and weighing about 2.5 kg, first swam into Hauso's hooped nets in March of 2000. In the nets are tiny crabs and starfish, on which the cod feeds. "He's found out that it's an easy place to find food. And he knows I let him go every time. Also, maybe he feels safe because the net protects him," Hauso said. He says that a marine park from nearby Aalesund offered today to let the fish retire in the safety of its aquarium. "I've said 'yes' to the offer. It'll be a good place for him to be a pensioner," he says. Hauso would catches the cod for the 40th and last time on 7 February, and sees it off to Aalesund, about 300 km north of Hardanger, where it is to share a private pool at the marine park with a Big Mama, a short-sighted halibut. The celebrity fish was caught off Norway for the 40th and final time on 07 Feb by Harald Hauso, 69, who gave up the chase and sent it to retire in a private pool in a marine park in Aalesund. Almost entirely blind in both eyes and weighing a meager 4-6 lbs., it was touch and go whether it would survive the 190-mile journey north from the Hardanger fjord where it was caught. The cod had to undergo an emergency operation to remove gas which built up inside its body because of its repeated capture. "He had too much gas inside, so we put the needle inside and took the gas out," Jan Einarsen, director at Aalesund's Atlantic Sea Park, told Reuters. He said the cod nicknamed Balder after a handsome god in Norwegian mythology was also stressed after being trapped and released so many times. Einarsen said his biggest concern was the fish's loss of appetite, despite being tempted by squid, shrimp, herring and mussels. The cod first blundered into Hauso's nets in March 2000 and returned almost every week, apparently attracted by the smell of the nylon. Hauso repeatedly freed the scrawny fish because it was too thin to eat and he felt sorry for it. 2000 Kurdistan "freedom fighters" of PKK embrace non-violence, non-Kurdistan, with one condition: that Turkey free Öcalan from death-row. Turkey has not renounced violence against them. (AP) (Reuters) 2000 Hackers step up their "denial of service" attacks on popular Internet sites, zeroing in on such targets as ETrade and ZDNet, inconveniencing millions of Web users and unnerving Wall Street. |
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1999 Closed Senate deliberation on Clinton impeachment
trial. (1) The Senate rejects a move to look further into allegations that White House aide Sidney Blumenthal lied in his Senate deposition. (2) Even as the closed Senate deliberations get under way, a bipartisan group of senators is still at work on drafts of a strong censure resolution condemning Clinton's behavior in trying to hide his extramarital affair with Lewinsky. (3) Before the doors are closed for internal Senate debate, Senate Majority Leader Trent Lott urges his colleagues to use self-restraint in their speeches, reminding them that Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg address only took three minutes. During the deliberations, each senator is alloted 15 minutes to speak. If all members took their full time, the debate would last for 25 hours over two to three days. |
1999 En Francia se reinicia el proceso contra el ex
primer ministro socialista Laurent Fabius, el antiguo secretario de Estado
de Sanidad y la ex titular de Asuntos Sociales, acusados de homicidio involuntario
en el caso de la sangre contaminada con el virus del sida. 1998 Failed assassination attempt on Georgian President Eduard Shevardnadze. Edvard Amvroseyevich Shevardnadze, presidente de Georgia y antiguo ministro de Exteriores de la URSS de la perestroika, sobrevive a un atentado perpetrado en Tbilisi. 1995 Jordania confirma la retirada israelí del territorio jordano ocupado desde 1967 en el sur del valle de Araba. 1994 Israeli minister Shimon Perez signs accord with PLO's Arafat 1994 Apple cuts prices on its Macintosh Quadra computers, in preparation for Apple's introduction of the PowerPC, a new chip developed by Apple, Motorola, and IBM that would allow one computer to run both Macintosh and Windows software. 1994 Digital introduces two more powerful workstations, priced between $5000 and $8000. It also announces a new line of software and hardware called Roamabout, designed for wireless mobile computing. Digital would be purchased by Compaq in 1998. 1994 Electronic Arts announces that it will purchase Broderbund, distributor of creative educational software like the best-selling "Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego?" and '"Myst." The deal would fall through, however, due to management disagreements. 1991 In a non-binding plebiscite, voters in Lithuania overwhelmingly endorse independence from the Soviet Union. Aprobada en plebiscito por abrumadora mayoría la independencia de Lituania de la URSS, ratificada dos días después por el Parlamento de la república báltica. 1990 Namibia's constitution ratified.
1986 Haydar Bakr al-Attas appointed President of South Yemen 1986 Halley's Comet's 30th perihelion (closest approach to Sun). 1981 El general Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski es nombrado primer ministro de Polonia. 1979 Nigeria amends constitution. 1977 España y la URSS establecen relaciones diplomáticas plenas.
1968 España modifica la ley de Bases del régimen autónomo de Guinea Ecuatorial. 1967 La CEE (Comunidad Económica Europea) inicia el desarrollo normativo sobre el IVA (Impuesto al Valor Agregado). 1966 Dow-Jones Index hits record 995 points.
1962 Jamaica signs agreement to become independent. 1962 EE.UU. incrementa la ayuda militar a Vietnam del Sur para enfrentarse a la guerrilla comunista del Vietcong. 1961 Joseph Ileo appointed premier of Congo. 1960 Adolph Coors, of the brewery family, is kidnapped and held for ransom, later murdered. Joe Corbett would be convicted of the crime in 1961 and be in prison until released in 1980. 1955 US federations of trade unions merge into AFL/CIO. 1954 Mario Scelba forms new government in Italy. 1953 General Walter Bedell Smith, USA, ends term as 4th director of CIA. Allen W Dulles, becomes acting director of CIA. |
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1950 McCarthy starts his infamous McCarthyism. Joseph Raymond McCarthy, a relatively obscure Republican senator from Wisconsin, announces during a speech in Wheeling, West Virginia, that he has in his hand a list of 205 Communists who have infiltrated the US State Department. The unsubstantiated declaration, which is little more than a publicity stunt, suddenly thrusts Senator McCarthy into the national spotlight. Asked to reveal the names on the list, the reckless and opportunistic senator names officials he determines guilty by association, such as Owen Lattimore, an expert on Chinese culture and affairs who had advised the State Department and President Franklin D. Roosevelt. McCarthy describes Lattimore as the "top Russian spy" in America. These and other equally shocking accusations prompt the Senate to form a special committee headed by Senator Millard Tydings of Maryland to investigate the matter. The committee finds little to substantiate McCarthy's charges, but McCarthy nevertheless touches a nerve in the American public and over the next two years makes increasingly sensational charges, even attacking President Harry S. Truman's respected former secretary of state, George C. Marshall. In 1953, a newly Republican Congress appoints McCarthy chairman of the Subcommittee on Investigations of the Senate Committee on Governmental Operations, and "McCarthyism" reaches a feverish pitch. In widely publicized hearings, McCarthy bullies defendants under cross-examination with unlawful and damaging accusations, destroying the reputations of hundreds of innocent citizens and officials. In the early months of 1954, McCarthy, who had already lost the support of much of his party, finally overreaches himself when he takes on the US army. Republican President Dwight D. Eisenhower pushes for the investigation of McCarthy's conduct, and the subsequent televised hearings expose McCarthy as a reckless and excessive tyrant who never produced proper documentation for a single one of his charges. In December, the Senate finally votes to censure him. By his death from alcoholism in 1957, the influence of Senator Joseph McCarthy in Congress is negligible. During a speech in Wheeling, West Virginia, Senator Joseph McCarthy (Republican-Wisconsin) claims that he has a list with the names of over 200 members of the Department of State that are "known communists." The speech vaulted McCarthy to national prominence and sparked a nationwide hysteria about subversives in the US government. Speaking before the Ohio County Women's Republican Club in Wheeling, West Virginia, Senator McCarthy waved before his audience a piece of paper. According to the only published newspaper account of the speech, McCarthy said that, "I have here in my hand a list of 205 [State Department employees] that were known to the Secretary of State as being members of the Communist Party and who nevertheless are still working and shaping the policy of the State Department." In the next few weeks, the number fluctuated wildly, with McCarthy stating at various times that there were 57, or 81, or 10 communists in the Department of State. In fact, McCarthy never produced any solid evidence that there was even one communist in the State Department. Despite McCarthy's inconsistency, his refusal to provide any of the names of the "known communists," and his inability to produce any coherent or reasonable evidence, his charges struck a chord with the US people. The months leading up to his February speech had been trying ones for the US's Cold War policies. China had fallen to a communist revolution. The Soviets had detonated an atomic device. McCarthy's wild charges provided a ready explanation for these foreign policy disasters: Communist subversives were working within the very bowels of the American government. To be sure, McCarthy was not the first to incite anxiety about subversive communists. Congress had already investigated Hollywood for its supposed communist influences, and former State Department employee Alger Hiss was convicted of perjury in January 1950 for testimony dealing with accusations that he spied for the Soviet Union during the 1930s. But McCarthy went a step further, claiming that the US government, and the Department of State in particular, knew that Communists were working in their midst. "McCarthyism," as the hunt for communists in the United States came to be known during the 1950s, did untold damage to many people's lives and careers, had a muzzling effect on domestic debate on Cold War issues, and managed to scare millions of Americans. McCarthy, however, located no communists and his personal power collapsed in 1954 when he accused the Army of coddling known communists. Televised hearings of his investigation into the US Army let the American people see his bullying tactics and lack of credibility in full view for the first time, and he quickly lost support. The US Senate censured him shortly thereafter and he died an alcoholic in 1957. |
1946 La Asamblea General de la ONU condena el régimen
de Franco. 1946 Josif Stalin anuncia un nuevo plan quinquenal para la URSS a fin de superar a Occidente en la producción de petróleo, acero y hierro. 1945 Germany destroys Ruhrdammen.
1943 FDR orders minimal 48 hour work week in war industry. 1943 Japanese evacuate Guadalcanal, epic battle ends. 1942 The US Joint Chiefs of Staff held its first formal meeting to coordinate military strategy during World War II
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1942 Japanese troops land near Makassar, South Celebes. 1941 British troops conquer El Agheila. 1939 Belgian Spaak government falls. 1933 -63ºF (-53ºC), Moran WY (state record) 1929 USSR, Estonia, Latvia, Poland and Romania sign Litvinov Pact. 1927 Sofocado el movimiento revolucionario que estalló seis días antes en Portugal contra el Gobierno del general Antonio Oscar de Fragoso Carmona. 1926 Teaching theory of evolution forbidden in Atlanta GA schools. 1924 Nakhichevan ASSR constituted within Azerbaijan SSR. 1922 Italian government of Bonomi falls
1909 El acuerdo entre Francia y Alemania sobre Marruecos reconoce la preponderancia política francesa sobre el país africano. 1906 Natal proclaims state of siege in Zulu uprising. 1904 Japan declares war on Russia. 1893 Canal builder De Lesseps and others sentenced to prison for fraud. 1886 President Cleveland declares a state of emergency in Seattle because of anti-Chinese violence. 1885 First Japanese arrive in Hawaii. 1867 Nebraska becomes 37th US state. 1863 Se reune en Ginebra un comité que decide la creación de la Cruz Roja. 1861 Confederate Provisional Congress declares that all laws under the US Constitution are consistent with the constitution of Confederate states. 1861 Tennessee votes against secession. |
1801 France and Austrian sign treaty of Lunéville, which confirmed the treaty of Campo Formio (17 Oct 1797), by which Austria recognized the Cisalpine Republic, surrendered the Austrian Netherlands and received the Republic of Venice. 1795 Se firma un acuerdo entre Austria y Francia, anterior a la Paz de Basilea, para poner fin a la primera guerra entre la Francia republicana y la Primera Coalición contrarrevolucionaria. 1788 Austria declares war on Russia. 1775 English Parliament declares Massachusetts colony is in rebellion. 1744 Battle at Toulon (French/Spanish vs English fleet of Admiral Matthews) 1724 Es coronado rey de España Luis I [retrato por Houasse >], hijo de Felipe V, quien había abdicado es 15 Jan 1724. Se nombra un gabinete de tutela, debido a la juventud del monarca (nació el 25 Aug 1707). Ha de morir de viruela el 31 Aug 1724. Dos días después su padre toma nuevamente el cetro. 1674 English re-conquer New York from Netherlands. 1667 Russia and Poland sign Truce of Andrusovo. 1621 Alexander Ludovisi is elected Pope Gregory XV (-1623) 1556 El pirata inglés Francis Drake saquea la ciudad de Cartagena de Indias (en la actual Colombia). 1554 Battle at London Sir Thomas Wyatt defeated. 1537 Pope Paul III routes Cardinal Pole to England. 1499 France and Venice sign treaty against Milan. 1111 Se firma el Tratado de Sufri entre Enrique V, emperador de Alemania, y el Papa Pascual II, con el que pretendían poner fin a la Guerra de las Investiduras. |
Deaths
which occurred on a February 09: 2004 A suicide bomber, the only one killed at the Ramadi, Iraq, house of brothers Majid and Amer Ali Suleiman, who are among the most prominent local tribal leaders collaborating with the US-led occupiers. They are not hurt but three guards are seriously injured. 2003 Three Palestinians, when their car explodes after one of them starts firing at Israeli soldiers manning a post in the Gush Katif block of Jewish enclave settlements in the Gaza Strip, in the afternoon. 2002 Atala Lipovsky, 79, Israeli, when car in which she was riding is fired upon by Palestinians near Marda, south of Nablus, West Bank, at about 21:45. She had immigrated from the Ukraine in 1993 and was a resident of the enclave settlement Ma'aleh Ephraim. 2002 Bulelani Vukwana, 29, suicide after shooting his girlfriend, her father, and 8 unrelated others, in the Mdantsane suburb of East London, South Africa. Earlier in the day Vukwana and his girlfriend had a fight and she had ended their relationship. In the evering Vukwana goes to his girlfriend's house to try to persuade her to come back to him, and after a further argument he shoots her dead. Then he kill a man in a bar next door, then the owner of a pickup truck and drives off in the vehicle, then returns to kill his girlfriend's father. After that he shoot whoever he sees, six more men. Finally he points the gun at his temple and pulls the trigger. Seven persons are wounded. ^ 2001 Toshiya Sakashima, 17, student; Yusuke Terata, 17, student; Katsuya Nomoto, 17, student; Takeshi Mizuguchi, 17, student; Hiroshi Makizawa, 37, instructor; Jun Nakata, 33, instructor; Toshimichi Furuya, 47, chief engineman; Hirotaka Segawa, 60, chief radioman; Hiroshi Nishida, 49, engineman; on fishing school boat Ehime Maru [photo >] as, at 13:45 Hawaii Standard Time, submarine USS Greeneville (SSN 772), practicing emergency surfacing hits with its stern and sinks the fishing boat 15 km south of Diamond Head, in Honolulu, Hawaii. There is no attempt from the submarine to assist the 26 survivors floundering in the water. The submarine was showing off its capabilities to some 15 civilian visitors, 2 of whom were at the controls at the time of the accident. The Ehime Maru was operated by the Uwajima Fisheries High School. Of the dead, four were high school students, two were teachers, and three were crew members. // Honolulu Star-Bulletin, 10 Feb 01 |
1996 Five workers of the beach detail and one of its former workers
who shoots them and then himself, in Fort Lauderdale, Fl^
orida. [horrid!] 1996 Two persons by truck bombing in London, with which the Irish Republican Army ends its cease-fire. 37 are injured 1995 J. William Fulbright, 89, former US Senator (D-AR)/anti-Vietnam War) 1994 Howard Martin Temin, virólogo estadounidense, Premio Nobel de Medicina 1975. 1993 Some 60 persons killed by army of opium king Khun Sa in NE Burma. 1988 Herstein, mathematician. 1984 Yuri V. Andropov, 69, Soviet ruler, less than 15 months after succeeding Leonid Brezhnev; he is succeeded by Konstantin U. Chernenko. 1979: 60 personas, la mayor parte niños de corta edad, por una epidemia desconocida, en Nápoles. 1977 Sergei Ilyushin, 82, Russian airplane builder (Ilyushin) 1943 Antonio Zozaya y You, escritor español. |
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1940 Day 72 of Winter War: USSR aggression against Finland. More deaths due to Stalin's desire to grab Finnish territory. 10'000 Danes volunteer for work in Finland Ladoga Karelia: Finnish troops surround a Red Army regiment in Vorojenkivi, to the east of the great Kitelä 'motti', establishing what was later to become known as the 'regimental motti' to the north of Lake Ladoga. The name came naturally from the fact that an entire Russian regiment (JR 203) was trapped there. The Finnish attempt to immediately take the 'motti' grinds to a halt in face of the Soviet tanks trapped inside. A bloody struggle ensues. Karelian Isthmus: the commanders of the Soviet northwest front on the Isthmus order a general offensive. Around midday, the Soviet infantry launches a tank-supported assault in the Finnish 4th Division's positions in Marjapellonmäki. The assault is repulsed, but Soviet troops manage to take the Karhu stronghold to the north of Marjapellonmäki on the Summa front. Finnish attempts to retake the stronghold prove unsuccessful. In Summa, a fresh battalion is sent in during the course of the evening to relieve the battalion fighting in the Lähde sector. Helsinki: graduation as a qualified nurse is to be made easier and more courses provided for trainee nurses in the Helsinki area. The armed forces payment system is to be overhauled by presidential decree. Every soldier is to receive a monthly salary, ranging from 500 markkaa for a private soldier up to 2,500 markkaa for a general. This basic salary will be further supplemented by 150 markkaa for the first child in the family and an additional 100 markkaa for each subsequent child. The Government is also to decide on the payment of maintenance benefits to the wife, child or disabled and dependent parents or siblings of a man called up to serve in the armed forces. Sweden: more than two out of every hundred Swedish doctors are now in Finland, and the Swedish Medical Association's collection for Finland has already brought in over 100'000 krona. A collection organized by a Lutheran priest in Gothenburg has raised 240'000 krona to buy a fighter aircraft for Finland. Denmark: 10'000 Danes have volunteered to go and work in Finland. London: a credit agreement has been signed to facilitate Finland's purchase of war materiel from the United Kingdom. ^ 10'000 tanskalaista on ilmoittautunut työvoimaksi Suomeen Talvisodan 72. päivä, 09.helmikuuta.1940 Suomalaiset saartavat Puna-armeijan rykmentin Kitelän suurmotista itään sijaitsevassa Vorojenkivessä. Näin syntyy niin sanottu Rykmenttimontti Laatokan pohjoispuolella. Nimi johtuu siitä, että mottiin on jäänyt kokonainen venäläisrykmentti JR 203. Suomalaiset yrittävät vallata motin heti sen synnyttyä, mutta hyökkäys pysähtyy motissa olevien neuvostopanssareiden tuleen. Veriset taistelut alkavat. Neuvostoliiton Luoteisen Rintaman sotaneuvosto antaa joukoilleenhyökkäyskäskyn: Neuvostojalkaväki hyökkää panssareiden tukemana puolen päivän aikaan 4. Divisioonan alueella Marjapellonmäessä. Vihollisen hyökkäys torjutaan, mutta neuvostojoukot valtaavat Karhu-tukikohdan Marjapellonmäen pohjoispuolella Summan rintamalla. Suomalaisten hyökkäykset tukikohdan takaisinvaltaamiseksi epäonnistuvat. Summassa Lähteen lohkolla taisteleva pataljoona vaihdetaan illan kuluessa uuteen. Sairaanhoitajattarien valmistumista helpotetaan ja kursseja lisätään pääkaupunkiseudulla. Asevelvollisten palkkaus järjestetään uudelleen presidentin asetuksella.Kaikille määrätään kuukausipalkka, jonka suuruus vaihtelee 500 markasta sotamiehelle 2500 markkaan kenraalille. Lisäksi tulee 150 markkaa ensimmäisestä ja 100 markkaa seuraavasta perheen lapsesta. Valtioneuvosto tekee päätöksen myös huoltorahasta, jonka piiriin kuuluvat sotapalvelukseen kutsutun vaimo, lapsi tai työkyvyttömät vanhemmat tai sisarukset, joiden elatus riippuu palvelukseen kutsutusta. Yli kaksi prosenttia Ruotsin lääkäreistä on Suomessa ja Ruotsin lääkäriliiton keräys Suomen hyväksi ylittää 100'000 kruunun rajan. Göteborgilaisen kirkkoherran järjestämällä keräyksellä on hankittu 240'000 kruunua hävittäjäkoneen ostamiseksi Suomelle. 10'000 tanskalaista on ilmoittautunut vapaaehtoiseksi työvoimaksi Suomeen. Lontoossa allekirjoitetaan Suomen Englannista tapahtuvien sotatarvike-hankintojen rahoittamiseksi tehty luottosopimus. ^ 10'000 danskar har anmält sig som frivillig arbetskraft till Finland Vinterkrigets 72 dag, den 09 februari 1940 De finska styrkorna omringar ett av Röda Arméns regementen i Vorojenkivi öster om stormottin i Kitelä. På det här sättet uppstår den så kallade Regementsmottin norr om Ladoga. Namnet beror på att hela det ryska regementet JR 203 har blivit kvar i mottin. Finland försöker invadera mottin genast när den bildas, men attacken stoppas av det ryska artilleriet inne i mottin. Blodiga strider börjar. Krigsrådet för Sovjetunionens nordvästliga front ger sina trupper order om anfall: sovjetinfanteriet anfaller med stöd av pansrar vid middagstid på den 4. Divisionens område i Marjapellonmäki. Fiendens anfall slås tillbaka men de ryska trupperna lyckas inta Karhubasen norr om Marjapellonmäki vid Summafronten. Finnarnas försök att återerövra basen misslyckas. Bataljonen som strider vid Summa på Lähdeavsnittet byts under kvällen ut mot en annan. Sjuksköterskeutbildningen underlättas och nya kurser startas i huvudstadsregionen. Med en författning av presidenten omorganiseras avlöningen av värnpliktiga. En månadslön fastställs för alla. Lönen varierar mellan 500 mark för soldater till 2500 mark för generaler. Dessutom betalas 150 mark för det första barnet och 100 mark för varje följande barn i familjen. Statsrådet fattar beslut om en försörjningspenning som berör hustrur och barn till män som kallats till krigstjänst och dessa mäns arbetsoförmögna föräldrar eller syskon vars uppehälle beror på män som kallats till kriget. Över två procent av de svenska läkarna befinner sig i Finland och Sveriges läkarförbunds insamling för Finland överstiger 100'000 kronors gränsen. En insamling som arrangerats av en kyrkoherde i Göteborg har resulterat i 240'000 kronor som ska användas för anskaffning av ett jaktplan till Finland. 10'000 danskar har anmält sig som frivillig arbetskraft till Finland. I London undertecknas kreditavtalet som ingåtts för att Finland ska kunna skaffa krigsförnödenheter från England. |
1937 Macaulay,
mathematician. 1932 Junnosuke Inouye Japanese minister of Finance, murdered. 1929. José de León Toral , militante católico, fusilado en el polígono de la Penitenciaría de Lecumberri, en la ciudad de México, por haber asesinado al general Álvaro Obregón, presidente electo de la República, el 17 Jul 1928. 1925. Don Francisco Sosa muere en la más completa pobreza, en Coyoacán, D. F. Era un campechano distinguido en el periodismo y la poesía. Él fue el promotor de la instalación de las treinta y seis estatuas originales que adornan el Paseo de la Reforma. 1920 Pietro Scoppetta, Italian artist born on 15 February 1863. 1918 Wilhelm List, Austrian artist born on 22 November 1864. 1916 Aloys François Joseph Loir, French artist born on 22 December 1845. 1913 Some 3000 die in 10 Day Tragedy of Mexico City. 1909 Charles Edwin Conder, English Australian painter born on 24 October 1868. MORE ON CONDER AT ART 4 FEBRUARY with links to images. 1905 Adolf Friedrich Erdmann von Menzel, German Realist painter born on 08 December 1815. — more with links to images. 1891 Johan Barthold Jongkind, Dutch Realist painter and printmaker born on 03 June 1819. MORE ON JONGKIND AT ART 4 FEBRUARY with links to images. 1883 Smith, mathematician. 1881 (28 Jan Julian) Fyodor Mikhaylovich Dostoyevsky, 59, great Russian novelist born on 11 November (30 Oct Julian) 1821. DOSTOEVSKY ONLINE: biographical note, online works in Russian and in English. Pietr Fedor Dostoïevski s'éteint à Saint-Pétersbourg. Les Russes accordent des funérailles solennelles à l'auteur de "Crime et châtiment". 1874 Jules Michelet, 75, French historian (History of France). MICHELET EN-LIGNE: Le Peuple La montagne La mer Introduction à l'histoire universelle Histoire romaine.1ère partie. [1-2] République 1811 Maskelyne, mathematician. 1675 Ambrosius Brueghel, Flemish artist born on 10 August 1617. Relative? of Jan 'Velvet' Brueghel [1568-1625], Pieter Brueghel the Elder [1525-1569], Jan Brueghel the Younger [1601-1678], Pieter Brueghel the Younger [1564-1638]? 1675 Gerrit Dou (or Dow, Dov), Dutch painter born on 07 April 1613. MORE ON DOU AT ART 4 FEBRUARY with links to images. 1670 Frederik III, 60, King of Denmark / Norway (1648-1670). |
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1649Tuesday (30
January Julian) Charles I King of England (1625-49), beheaded for treason In London, King Charles I is beheaded for treason. Born on 29 (19 Julian) November 1600, Charles ascended to the English throne in March 1625 after the death of his father, King James I. In the first year of his reign, Charles offended his Protestant subjects by marrying Henrietta Maria, a Catholic French princess, and responded to political opposition to his rule by dissolving Parliament on several occasions. On 20 February (02 March Julian) 1629, he ordered the adjournment of Parliament and for the next 11 years ruled entirely without it. On 02 December (22 November Julian) 1641, Parliament voted 159 to 148 the Grand Remonstrance to the King. The bitter struggle between king and Parliament for supremacy led to the 01 September (22 August Julian) 1642 outbreak of the first English Civil War. The Parliamentarians were led by Oliver Cromwell, whose formidable Ironsides force won an important victory against the king's Royalist forces at Marston Moor in 12 (02 Julian) July 1644 and at Naseby on 24 (14 Julian) June 1645. As a leader of the New Model Army in the second English civil war, Cromwell helped repel the Royalist invasion of Scotland, and in 1646, Charles surrendered to a Scottish army. On 30 (20 Julian) January 1649, Charles was forced to appear before a special high court controlled by his enemies, where he was convicted of treason and, on 06 February (27 January Julian) 1649 sentenced to death as a tyrant, traitor, murderer, and public enemy. On 09 February 1649, Charles is beheaded in London. The monarchy was later abolished, and Cromwell assumed control of the new English Commonwealth. In 1658, Cromwell died and was succeeded by his son, Richard, who was forced to flee to France in the next year with the restoration of the monarchy and the crowning of Charles II, the son of Charles I. Oliver Cromwell was posthumously convicted of treason and his body was disinterred from its tomb in Westminster Abbey and hung from the gallows at Tyburn. Exécution du roi d'Angleterre Charles Ier. Le roi d'Angleterre monte sur l'échafaud. Charles 1er meurt sans abdiquer devant le Parlement. Né en 1600, roi d'Angleterre, d'Écosse et d'Irlande, second fils de Jacques VI Stuart, roi d'Écosse (et d'Angleterre depuis 1603 sous le nom de Jacques Ier), Charles Ier monte sur le trône en 1625. Jeune, séduisant et indécis, il est un jouet entre les mains de son entourage. L'impopulaire duc de Buckingham le pousse à attaquer l'Espagne. Pour se garantir du côté de la France, Charles Ier demande la main d'Henriette-Marie, la plus jeune fille de Henri IV. Le couple royal s'aime tendrement. Mais Buckingham accumule les maladresses. Vaincu par les Espagnols à Cadix (1626), il s'aliène les Français en soutenant les protestants de La Rochelle, ce qui lui vaut d'être battu à l'île de Ré (1627). Les princes protestants d'Europe se trouvent bientôt en mauvaise posture. Malgré ses préventions absolutistes, Charles Ier doit convoquer le Parlement en 1628 afin d'obtenir des subsides. Il est mis en demeure d'accepter la pétition du Droit qui limite les prérogatives royales. Nouvelle rebuffade : le renouvellement des droits de douane (tunnage and poundage ), traditionnellement accordés à vie au monarque, est refusé par les parlementaires. Au mois d'août 1628 enfin, Buckingham meurt sous le poignard du lieutenant Felton. À la session de 1629, le conflit se déplace sur le terrain religieux. Charles Ier soutenait la réaction épiscopalienne et arminienne de William Laud, évêque de Londres puis archevêque de Canterbury. Le Parlement vote trois résolutions condamnant le papisme, l'arminianisme, et la perception d'impôts non votés par le Parlement. Charles Ier fait jeter les meneurs en prison, renvoie le Parlement, et décide de gouverner sans son appui. Pendant onze ans, il se conduit en monarque absolu. On a naturellement parlé de "tyrannie" et stigmatisé à l'envi la fameuse Chambre étoilée. Pour être équitable, constatons que l'absolutisme de Charles Ier était moins dirigé contre le peuple que contre l'individualisme effréné des classes enrichies (limitation des enclosures, défense de la théorie médiévale contre le prêt à intérêt) et contre le fanatisme des puritains (laxisme de la censure ecclésiastique et tiède répression de la sorcellerie). C'est d'Écosse que jaillit l'étincelle. Laud y voulait introduire le rituel anglican. Les farouches presbytériens se soulèvent en masse. Devant ce danger, Strafford, homme de confiance du roi, conseille la manière forte. Il part lever une armée dans cette Irlande où, en tant que vice-roi, il a joué les colons anglicans contre les presbytériens d'Ulster et les indigènes catholiques. Néanmoins, Charles Ier doit à nouveau réunir le Parlement en avril 1640. L'opposition véhémente qu'il y rencontre l'incite à dissoudre ce Court Parlement dix-huit jours après l'ouverture de la session. L'avance victorieuse des Écossais pousse cependant les lords et le peuple à exiger la convocation d'un nouveau Parlement. Charles Ier s'incline. Convoqué au mois de novembre 1640, le Long Parlement durera treize ans. Il est déjà révolutionnaire, même s'il ne met pas encore la personne du roi en cause. Les partisans du roi sont exécutés. Voyant l'Angleterre en proie à ces luttes intestines, les Irlandais se soulèvent et massacrent les colons. Charles Ier demande des crédits pour organiser une expédition punitive. Méfiant, le chef de l'opposition parlementaire, John Pym, fait voter la "grande remontrance" qui énumère les griefs contre la couronne. Présumant de la faiblesse de l'opposition, Charles Ier exige " l'impeachment " pour haute trahison de Pym et de quatre autres chefs parlementaires. Il va même jusqu'à se rendre en personne aux Communes, afin de se saisir des cinq parlementaires qui ont pris la précaution de se mettre à l'abri. Le roi quitte alors Londres au bord de l'émeute. La guerre civile est commencée. Mais la victoire boude les deux camps. Le Parlement signe alors avec les Écossais un traité d'alliance qui lui permet de prendre rapidement l'avantage. Le 12 Jul 1644, à Marston Moor, les royalistes sont vaincus grâce aux " Côtes de fer " d'Olivier Cromwell. L'armée parlementaire réorganisée par Cromwell provoque la déroute royaliste de Naseby (24 Jun 1645). Charles Ier ne voit d'autre solution que de se rendre, peu après, à la merci des Écossais. Ceux-ci s'empressent de le livrer au Parlement qui lui présente aussitôt les Dix-Neuf Propositions stipulant notamment l'adoption du Covenant presbytérien, l'abolition de l'épiscopat, le droit pour le Parlement de contrôler l'armée, la marine, et la nomination aux grandes charges de l'État, enfin, la proscription des chefs royalistes. Le souverain biaise et négocie en sous-main avec toutes les factions. Sur ces entrefaites, une crise éclate entre l'armée et le Parlement. Cromwell occupe Londres avec vingt mille soldats décidés à faire reconnaître leurs droits. Indécis malgré tout, Cromwell fait des ouvertures au roi qui le lanterne comme il l'a fait avec le Parlement, avant de se réfugier dans l'île de Wight (1647) d'où il appelle les Écossais à son secours. Le péril rétablit la concorde entre l'armée et le Parlement. Cromwell met en pièces les Écossais à Preston en août 1648. Enlevé dans l'île de Wight, Charles Ier est ramené à Londres, déféré devant le Parlement, mis en procès et condamné à mort malgré de vives résistances de la part de nombreux chefs puritains. Le 30 janvier 1649 (calendrier julien = 09 Feb grégorien) , le roi Charles Ier monte à l'échafaud avec un courage exemplaire, sans avoir rien renié des convictions absolutistes qui périssent avec lui. PAINTINGS: BY VAN DYCK: Charles I and Queen Henrietta Maria with Charles, Prince of Wales and Princess Mary (1632) Charles I in Three Positions (1636) Charles I, King of England (1636) Charles I: King of England at the Hunt (1635) Charles I of England Charles I of England and Henrietta of France Charles I on Horseback (1635) De Saint-André's Allegory of Charles I of England and Henrietta of France |
1640 Murad IV, 27, sultan of Turkey
(1623-1640), in Baghdad. 1622 Frans Pourbus II (or Porbus, Purbis), Flemish painter born in 1569 or 1570. LINKS Marie de Médicis A Lady (1591, 100x74cm) Archduke Albert of Austria (1600, 10x7cm) 1583 Jeseph Sanalbo, Jewish convert in Rome, burned at stake 1567 Henry Stuart earl of Darnley, Scottish consort of Mary Stuart Queen of Scots, murdered. 1555 John Hooper deprived Bishop of Gloucester, burned for heresy |
Births which
occurred on a February 09: 1963 Boeing 727's first flight. Over 1830 of these planes will be built through 1984, when production will stop in order for Boeing to begin building larger planes. 1950 Javier Mariscal, diseñador gráfico, industrial, ilustrador de comics, y pintor valenciano. MÉS SOBRE MARISCAL EN ART PER FEBRER with links to images.
1926 Garret FitzGerald, Prime Minister of Ireland. 1923 Norman E. Shumway, Michigan, pioneer cardiac transplant surgeon. 1923 Brendan Behan, Irish author and political commentator who died on 20 March 1964. 1923 Soviet Aeroflot airlines established 1910 Jacques Lucien Monod, French 1965-Nobel Prize-winning biologist, third and youngest son of painter Hector Lucien Monod [21 Jul 1867 — 1957] and of Charlotte Todd MacGregor [Milwaukee 1869 – 1954]. J. L. Monod died on 31 May 1976. Author of Chance and Necessity (1970). — Il devient en 1934 assistant au laboratoire de zoologie de la faculté des sciences. En 1941, il soutint sa thèse de Doctorat ès Science sur la croissance bactérienne. Résistant pendant la seconde guerre, il vient souvent se réfugier à l'Institut Pasteur, où de 1945 à 1953, il dirige le laboratoire de physiologie microbienne, puis en 1954 crée le service de biochimie cellulaire. En 1959, il est nommé professeur à la faculté des sciences de Paris. En 1965, il partage le Prix Nobel de médecine avec François Jacob [17 Jun 1920–] et André Michel Lwoff [08 May 1902– 30 Sep 1994] pour ses travaux sur le contrôle de l'expression de l'information génétique. Avec F. Jacob également, il conçoit puis démontre la réalité de l'A.R.N.-messager. Titulaire de la chaire de biologie moléculaire au Collège de France en 1967, il devient directeur de l'Institut Pasteur en 1971. 1909 Dean Rusk, US Secretary of State under Kennedy and Johnson administrations. He died on 20 December 1994. 1908 Dinghas, mathematician. 1907 Donald Coxeter, mathematician. 1895 Volleyball is invented by W. G. Morgan in Massachusetts. 1894 The Hershey Chocolate Company is founded. 1880 Lipót Fejér, mathematician. 1879 Jacques Bainville, à Vincennes, auteur de Les conséquences politiques de la paix (1919) 1874 Amy Lowell, US critic, lecturer, and Pulitzer Prize-winning poet: What's O'Clock [1926]; Sword Blades and Poppy Seeds). She died on 12 May 1925. 1870 The US Weather Bureau is established.
1863 Fire extinguisher patented by Alanson Crane. 1849 Roman Republic declared. 1830 Abdül Aziz, Istanbul, Ottoman Empire, 32nd sultan of Turkey (1861-1876) 1815 Reinhard Sebastian Zimmermann, German artist who died on 16 November 1893. 1801 José Joaquín Pesado, en San Agustín del Palmar, Puebla. Se distinguirá como eclesiástico conservador, periodista, funcionario público y poeta clásico e indigenista. 1794 (or 10 or 11 Feb 1794) Henri Auguste Calixte César Serrur, French painter who died on 02 September 1865. Ajax (1820) 1775 Farkas Wolfgang Bolyai, Hungary, mathematician (parallel axiom). He died in 1856. 1773 William Henry Harrison, Virginia, (Whigs) 9th US President (04 March 04 April 1841) the first US president to die in office, the shortest term. 1699 Étienne Jeaurat (or Joras), French painter who died on 14 December 1789. UN PEU PLUS SUR JEAURAT À ART 4 FEBRUARY with links to images. 1662 Paolo de Matteis, Italian painter who died on 26 July 1728. — more with links to images. 1650 Jan Verkolye (or Verkolje), Dutch painter who died on 08 May 1693. MORE ON VERKOLYE AT ART 4 FEBRUARY with links to images. 1617 Nicolaas van Eyck I, Dutch artist who died in 1679. 1404 Constantine XI Dragases, last Byzantine Emperor {his nickname is NOT “Drag-Asses” nor “Kick-Butts”}. |