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Mar 12| HISTORY
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|Mar 14 >> Events, deaths, births, of MAR 13 [For Mar 13 Julian go to Gregorian date: 1583~1699: Mar 23 1700s: Mar 24 1800s: Mar 25 1900~2099: Mar 26] |
On
a 13 March: 2003 The stock of Vaxgen (VXGN) had plunged recently on refutation of its claim of effectiveness for its experimental AIDS vaccine, Aidsvax. But today Vaxgen raises its forecast of 2003 earnings to $16.1 million from $13 million. On the NASDAQ 5 million of the 14.5 million VXGN shares are traded, surging from their previous close of $2.76 (their lowest since they started trading on 28 June 1999 at $16.38), to an intraday high of $4.46 and closing at $4.13. They had traded as high as $20.34 as recently as 21 January 2003 and $32.38 on 23 October 2000. [4~year price chart >] 2003 At a meeting on Elementary and Analytic Number Theory in Oberwolfach, Germany, Daniel Goldston [04 Jan 1954~], of San Jose State University, California, announced that, together with Cem Yalcin Yildirim of Bogazici University in Istanbul, he has proved that liminf (p_{n+1} - p_n)/log p_n = 0. It looks like they will be able to show that p_{n+1} - p_n is infinitely often as small as (log p_n)^{4/5}. It may be that the method can be applied also to long gaps between primes, with the prospect of possibly breaking the Erdos--Rankin order of magnitude. This is the biggest excietement that prime number theory has seen since the Bombieri-Vinogradov theorem was proved in 1966. Goldston would repeat his announcement on 28 March 2003 at workshop on Algorithmic Number Theory hosted by the American Institute of Mathematics (AIM). However, on 23 April 2003, Andrew Granville of the Université de Montréal and K. Soundararajan of the University of Michigan would find a mistake buried in one of the arguments in the preprint of Goldston and Yildrim. The main issue is that some quantities which were believed to be small error terms are actually the same order of magnitude as the main term. 2003 Daniel Goldston [04 Jan 1954~], of San Jose State University, California, discovers a flaw in the proof that liminf (p_{n+1} - p_n)/log p_n = 0, which he had announced on 13 March 2003 that he had completed together with Cem Yalcin Yildirim of Bogazici University in Istanbul. It would have been a big step towards proving the twin prime conjecture. The largest twin primes discovered so far are numbers with 51'090 digits each. 2002 We're at war to keep the peace, says US usurper-President George Dubya Bush. 2000 El grupo automovilístico estadounidense General Motors, el mayor del mundo, adquiere el 20% de las acciones del italiano Fiat por un valor de 411.000 millones de pesetas. Por su parte, el grupo italiano se hace con el 5,1% del fabricante de Estados Unidos. 1998 El presidente de Corea del Sur, Kim Dae Yung, decreta la mayor amnistía de la historia de este país: 5,5 millones de personas, entre ellos presos políticos, presos comunes, prostitutas y cientos de miles de infractores de tráfico. 1998 Sears Roebuck & Co. belatedly recalls the "J.C. Higgins Bolt Action 12-Gauge Model 10 Shotguns," made during the 1950s, due to faulty assembly of the bolt latch; which could spring off the gun and smack the user in the face. Although Sears didn’t receive any reports of injuries from the guns, they offer $160 to anyone who returned a defective bolt latch. 1998 Sgt. Maj. Gene McKinney, once Army's top enlisted man, is acquitted of pressuring military women for sex, but is convicted of trying to persuade his chief accuser to lie. 1996 World leaders, including US President Clinton, held a summit in Sharm El-Sheik, Egypt, where they vowed unequivocal support for the Mideast peace process.
1994 33.3% of Austrians vote for ultra-right FPÖ 1994 President Mangope of Bophuthaswana deposed.
1991 Exxon Corporaation agrees to pay a $100 million criminal fine and more than $900 million in civil damages in the wake of the Exxon Valdez oil spill. The deal fell apart when the Alaska House rejected it. A new settlement was reached later. |
1990 Nicholas Braithwaite is elected premier of Grenada. 1990 El presidente de EE.UU., George Bush (padre, él que fue legitimamente elegido], levanta el embargo económico impuesto a Nicaragua hace cinco años por su predecesor, Ronald Reagan. 1989 FDA orders recall of all Chilean fruit in US, after finding one contaminated grape. 1987 John Gotti is acquitted of racketeering. 1981 Pope John Paul II is wounded in assassination attempt by Mehemet Ali Agca. 1980 A jury in Winamac, Ind., finds Ford Motor Co. not guilty of reckless homicide in the fiery deaths of three young women riding in a Ford Pinto.
1979 European Monetary System is established, ECU created.
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1973 Syria adopts constitution.
1964 Turkey threatens Cyprus with armed attack. 1963 Indonesia and Netherlands reopen diplomatic relations 1962 Yugoslavia grants 1000 prisoners amnesty
1955 Bir BSD Mahendra succeeds Tribhubana as king of Nepal
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1950 General Motors reports net earnings of $656'434'232
(record)
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1944
UK bars travel with neutral Ireland.
^top^ Britain announces that all travel between Ireland and the United Kingdom is suspended, the result of the Irish government's refusal to expel Axis-power diplomats within its borders. In 1922, an independent Irish republic was established after generations of conflict between Ireland and Britain. One of the conditions of that agreement was that Britain would retain control of three naval bases along the Irish coast in order to continue Ireland's defense. But as war loomed in the late 1930s, Irish Prime Minister Eamon de Valera negotiated an agreement that ended the British occupation of those naval bases; Ireland had declared a pre-emptive state of neutrality in any European war, and the presence of the Royal Navy on independent Irish soil violated that neutrality. De Valera did not want Ireland to become an object of attacks aimed at Britain. De Valera was willing to bargain away Irish neutrality, though, in exchange for Northern Ireland's being returned to the Irish Republic. The British were not willing to pay that price but did agree to end conscription in Northern Ireland once De Valera denounced conscription--because it forced Irish men to fight in what De Valera believed was an English war--as an "act of aggression." Irish neutrality was challenged in 1941, with German air raids against Dublin. It was challenged again in 1942, when the United States landed troops in Northern Ireland, under the understanding that it was under the control of its ally, Britain. De Valera protested. President Franklin D. Roosevelt was stunned at this intransigence and applied pressure to the de Valera government, attempting to change Ireland's neutrality stance. De Valera did not relent. Finally, when the Irish prime minister refused to expel from Ireland the diplomats of the Axis powers, Britain retaliated by suspending all travel between the Irish Republic and the United Kingdom. Ireland did not flinch and, when the war ended, developed good relations with all the powers involved. |
1944
Passed over, Sorensen resigns from Ford.
^top^ Sorensen resigned as the vice president of the Ford Motor Company on this day. Sorensen had been Henry Ford’s long-time right hand man. Tall and handsome, Sorensen became a darling of the national press corps during World War II. He was in charge of Ford’s wartime production; and the Willow Run plant that produced B-24 Liberator bombers was Sorensen’s project. Originally, Ford had been contracted to produce subassemblies for United Aircraft, but Sorensen demanded that Ford be able to produce entire planes. He promised the government 500 planes per month, a figure nearly three times as great as United Aircraft’s production potential. In return, he was rewarded with a huge contract which included $200 million for the construction of the Willow Run facility. Willow Run, after a rocky beginning, became a heroic success story, a symbol of America’s role as the "great arsenal of democracy." The plant eventually reached a production level of one bomber per hour. With Willow Run’s success came attention for Sorensen. In 1940, he appeared in Time and Newsweek and in 1942 Fortune magazine ran a long adulatory article entitled "Sorensen of the Rouge." Sorensen himself admitted that his popularity may have caused his departure from Ford, "My ability to keep out of the public eye was one reason I stayed as long as I did at Ford while others left." In 1943, Henry Ford promoted Harry Bennet, his longtime labor enforcer, to a position above Sorensen. Realizing that he had fallen from favor, the graceful Sorensen resigned from Ford. |
1944 USSR recognizes Italian Badoglio government. 1943 Failed assassination attempt on Hitler during Smolensk-Rastenburg flight. 1942 Julia Flikke, Nurse Corps, becomes first woman colonel in US army. 1938 Anschluß:: Austria annexed by Nazi Germany. Austria es anexionada al III Reich alemán. 1937 Guerra Civil española: Las tropas italianas sufren un grave revés en la contraofensiva desencadenada por los republicanos en Guadalajara. 1933 US Banks reopen after 10-day Bank Holiday (to quell panic). 1933 Josef Göbbels becomes German minister of Information and Propaganda. 1930 Clyde Tombaugh announces discovery of Pluto at Lowell Observatory. 1929 Enfrentamiento de estudiantes con la policía en Madrid. Se endurece la censura de prensa. 1925 Tennessee Governor Austin Peay signed legislation prohibiting the teaching of evolution within the state's public school system. (A violation intended to test this law result on 10 July with the Scopes Monkey Trial, argued by Clarence Darrow, who would die on 13 March 1938.) 1924 Disolución del Parlamento en Alemania. 1923 Lee de Forest demonstrates his sound-on-film moving pictures, NYC. 1921 Mongolia declares independence from China. 1920 Wolfgang Kapp's coup attempt in Berlin fails. 1902 En España dimite el Gabinete Sagasta. 1900 British troops occupy Bloemfontein, Orange-Free state. 1888 Great Blizzard of 1888 rages. 1884 Standard Time adopted in US. 1884 Siege of Khartoum Sudan begins. 1869 Arkansas legislature passes anti-Klan law
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1865 Confederate President Jefferson Davis signs bill
authorizing use of slaves as soldiers. 1862 Siege of New Madrid, Missouri continues. 1852 Uncle Sam cartoon figure debuts in NY Lantern weekly. 1848 Movimiento revolucionario en Viena, como consecuencia del cual es destituído el canciller Klemens Metternich Winneburg , tras 47 años de servicios públicos. — [Did that make him Metternich Loosaburg?]
1809 Estalla la revolución en Suecia por desacuerdo de los ministros, el ejército y el pueblo con la política anglófila de Gustavo IV, que fue depuesto.
1735 first US Moravian bishop, David Nitschmann, consecrated in Germany 1687 Father Eusebio Kino, 42, an Italian-born Jesuit in the service of Spain, began missionary labors in the American Southwest. In all, Kino established 25 Indian missions in the area now divided between northern Mexico and Arizona. 1677 Massachusetts gains title to Maine for $6000. 1591 Battle at Tondibi: Moroccans army under Judar beats sultan Askia Ishaq II of Songhai 1569 Battle of Jarnac, Count of Anjou defeats Huguenots 1567 Battle at Oosterweel: Spanish troops destroy Geuzenleger 1560 Spanish fleet occupies Djerba, at Tripoli 1519 Cortez lands in Mexico. 1456 El papa Calixto III promulga en Roma una nueva bula, tras la publicada anteriormente el 08 Jan 1454, en la que confirma y extiende el derecho de los portugueses sobre la conquista y colonización africana. 1369 Se produce la batalla de Montiel, enfrentamiento entre las tropas del rey legítimo de Castilla, Pedro I, y las de su hermanastro Enrique de Trastámara, de la que saldrá victorioso este último 1138 German king Koenraad II von Hohenstaufen crowned 0607 12th recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet 0483 Saint Felix III elected Pope. |
Deaths
which occurred on a March 13: 2004 Ángel Berroeta, in his bakery shop at 18 calle Martín Azpilicueta, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain, shot there at 13:30 by an off-duty policeman with whose wife he had had earlier in the day a discussion about the 11 March 2004 terrorist attacks in Madrid. .Berroeta belonged to Etxerat, the organization of relatives of jailed ETA (Euzkadi Ta Askatasuna) militants, and of the kale borroka (“street struggle”). 2004 Franz König [photo >] Austrian born on 03 August 1905, ordained a Catholic priest on 29 October 1933, consecrated bishop on 31 August 1952 (as coadjutor of Sankt Pölten), appointed Archbishop of Vienna on 10 May 1956, made a cardinal on 15 December 1958, retired on 16 September 1985. He played a key role in the Second Vatican Council (11 Oct 1962 – 08 Dec 1965). He became one of the Catholic Church's international statesmen during the Cold War, creating links with churches in Communist eastern Europe. He is said to have been instrumental in the 16 October 1978 election of Pope John Paul II [18 May 1920~]. 2004 Haidar al-Qazwini, after a terrorist bomb, left in a bag, explodes in a shop in Baghdad. He was a brother-in-law of Shiite council member Ibrahim al-Jaafari, a Shiite member of the US-puppet Iraqi Governing Council. 2004 Three US soldiers of the 1st Armored Division on patrol in the evening in southeastern Baghdad, Iraq, by a roadside bomb. One soldier is wounded. 2004 Two US soldiers of the 1st Infantry Division's 1st Battalion, 18th Infantry Regiment, in Tikit, Iraq, by a roadside bomb. Three soldiers are wounded. 2004 Mohammed Haboush, 20, of Hamas, and Saed Mraesh, 20, of the Ahmed Abu al-Resh Brigades (a small Gaza terrorist group), shot by Israeli troops, in the Gaza Strip 100 meters the border fence separating Gaza from the nearby Israeli farming village of Nahal Oz, where they were crawling in the early morning, armed with 2 Kalashnikov assault rifles, 10 hand grenades and a pipe bomb. 2004 Five Yemenis (3 police officers and 2 tribesmen), in Rada'a, Yemen, in gunfight started when police tried to disarm tribesmen who had come to town to complain about a 12 March 2004 raid on their village in which police confiscated several firearms and arrested one man. Tribesmen frequently carry weapons, revolvers tucked under their belts or automatic rifles slung over their shoulders, and they use them to settle disputes. In Yemen, which suffered a civil war in 1994, there are an estimated 60 million firearms, averaging three per citizen. Parliament, in which tribal chiefs are strongly represented, has long postponed debate on a government-proposed bill to ban firearms from the streets of major cities. 2004 Five Kurds, in Qameshli, Iraq, as riot police shoots at stone-throwing demonstrators protesting the previous evening's killing of nine Kurds during disturbances before the (then cancelled) Syrian championship soccer match between the teams Al-Jihad (Kurd) and Al-Fatwa (Arab). 2003 Michael Eugene Thompson, executed in Alabama for the 10 December 1984 robbery, kidnapping, and murder of Maisie Carlene Gray at the Majik Mart convenience store in Attalla, where she was the clerk. 2003 Yoav Doron, 22, and Yehuda Ben-Yosef, 22, Israeli security guards, from Jerusalem and Ma'aleh Adumim respectively, at 13:00 on a road east of the Pnei Hever enclave settlement, close to the Zif Highway junction, near Hebron, West Bank, killed by Israeli soldiers, too enclined to kill first and ask questions later. One of the victims — who were in charge of guarding an army antenna on a hilltop used for research and development — had pulled over to the side of the road to make some coffee, and the other one began driving away. Israeli troops had been searching for Palestinians reported to be planning to attack an Israeli vehicle on that road. An “elite” lookout force noticed the armed security guard in the car and called for help from shooters on the ground. The soldiers would say that they called on the guard to stop. Either he stopped and got out of the car, after which he was shot dead. Or he was shot as soon as he began driving. The second security guard heard the shots, phoned that they were under attack by terrorists, and ran to the aid of his friend, which is when an Israeli Air Force helicopter fired a rocket and killed him. — Doron [< photo], from Jerusalem, was a second lieutenant on leave from the Egoz infantry unit, while awaiting reassignment, which he had received the previous day, to the Golani unit as a platoon commander. — Ben-Yosef [photo >], from Ma'aleh Adumim, was a friend of Doron; he had recently finished his army service in the Egoz unit. He was a son of extremist militant Baruch Ben-Yosef, who was one of the early members of the American Jewish Defense League in the US, and after immigration to Israel joined Kach and the Temple Mount Faithful — and was twice placed under administrative detention in Israel by a court order. [read commentary by Gideon Levy of Haaretz] 2003:: 11 persons by terrorist bomb exploding in women's compartment of fast Karjat-bound commuter train pulling in at 20:45 at platform 3 of the station at Mulund, last eastern suburb of Mumbai, India, having left the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus about an hour before. 64 are injured. 2003 Three persons after bomb explodes at 10:55 on a bus bound for Jammu, Indian-occupied Kashmir, which had just left the station in a Hindu-dominated section of Rajouri town. 13 are injured. Hindus demonstrate against lack of police protection. They are repressed by Indian police and army. 2003 Shoukat Ahmad Magray, a Harkat-ul-Mujahideen militant, killed in an encounter with Rashtriya Rifles soldiers in Khiram village of Anantnag district, Indian-occupied Kashmir. 2003 Constable Riaz Ahmed and his uncle Nasir Ahmed, who, after being abducted from their house in Sangla village of Poonch district, Indian-occupied Kashmir, are shot in a nearby forest in the wee hours. 2003 Chi Kwai Tse, 44, of SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome), in Toronto, Canada, of which he was a resident. His mother, Kwan Sui-chu, died from SARS on 05 March 2003, shortly after returning to Toronto from a visit to Hong Kong. They are the first two in Canada to die of the new disease. 2002 Lillie Mae Casey, 89, beaten to death by a 16-year-old boy in her home in the 1800 block of Alhambra Street in the Pleasant Grove neighborhood of Dallas. 2002 Israeli Lieutenant Gil Badihi, 21, of Nataf, after being shot in the head, in the morning, while standing next to his tank in Ramallah, West Bank, by a Palestinian gunman. 1999 Trece muertos en un comercio del centro de Estambul (Turquía) en un ataque con bombas caseras. Los observadores relacionan el atentado con la captura de Abdulá Öcalan, líder de los independentistas kurdos, el 16 febrero de 1999. 1999 Garson Kanin, 86, in New York, playwright. 1999 Charles Connor, 23, in an avalanche near the summit of Ben Nevis, Scotland. He was from Bangor, Northern Ireland.
1995 16 Alawitish demonstrators shot dead by Istanbul police. 1994 Sandra Paretti, 59, romantic novelist. 1993 José Antonio Gabriel y Galán, escritor español. 1993:: 257 persons in a series of terrorist bombings in Mumbai, India, intended to avenge Muslim deaths in Hindu-Muslim riots. 1992 570 die in a Turkish earthquake Quinientas personas muertas y 300 heridas en un terremoto de 6,3 grados Richter que afectó a catorce provincias de Turquía. 1990 Juan Antonio Vallejo-Nájera Botas, psiquiatra y escritor español.
1977 Jan Patocka, in prison, Czechoslovakian philosopher 1976 Willy Alfredo [Willem Jue], 77, Dutch comedian/poet 1975 Ali Sastroamidjojo, 71, Indonesian attorney/minister/premier 1975 Ivo Andric, 82, Yugoslavian author (Nemiri-Nobel 1961) 1975 Ruth Schaumann, 75, German author/painter/sculptor 1965 George Calinescu Romanian author (Lauda Lucrorilor)
1955 Yung Deva, 48, king of Nepal. 1941 Isaak E. Babel, 46, Russian writer (Zakat, Marija), executed. |
Talvisotaa koskeva rauhansopimus allekirjoitetaan aamuyöllä Moskovan Kremlissä klo 01 Suomen aikaa. Neuvostokoneet pommittavat aamupäivällä Rovaniemeä ja Kemijärveä. Helsingistä lähtee viimeinen lapsia Ruotsiin kuljettava juna vain pari tuntia ennen kuin saadaan tieto rauhansopimuksen solmimisesta. Rauhansopimus astuu voimaan kaikilla rintamilla klo 11.00. Taipaleen ja Vuosalmen rintamaosuuksilla suomalaisten torjuntavoittoihin olennaisesti vaikuttanut oma tykistömme vaikenee ankarien taistelujen tauotessa klo 11.00. Rauha keskeyttää suomalaisen 12. Divisioonan vastahyökkäyksen Kollaalla. Asemasodaksi juuttuneet taistelut Suomussalmen suunnassa Juntusrannassa päättyvät vihollisen rajuun tuli-iskuun Kellojoen asemista klo 11.00. Ryhmä Talvelan eteläisen sivustan erämaa-alueella taistelut jatkuvatkoko päivän. Kumpikaan osapuoli ei kykene toimittamaan ajoissa tietoa rauhasta joukoilleen. Vihollispataljoona pyrkii kiertämään Saijalla Osasto Roinisen selustaan. Taisteluissa suomalaiset saartavat koko neuvostopataljoonan. Ulkoministeri Tanner pitää radiossa puheen klo 12, missä hän selostaa solmittua sopimusta ja rauhaan johtaneita syitä. Tanner ylistää Suomen armeijan ja kotirintaman kestävyyttä kamppailussa, jota Suomi joutui käymään yksin. Ulkoministeri moittii pohjoisia naapurimaita, jotka puolueettomuuteensa vedoten ovat torjuneet kaikki avunpyynnöt ja estäneet samalla liittoutuneiden avuntarjousten hyväksymisen. Ilman apua Suomi ei enää voinut jatkaa taistelua, joten hallitukselle ei jäänyt muuta vaihtoehtoa kuin pyrkiä rauhaan. Rauhanehtojen ankaruudesta ja tuskallisista alueluovutuksista huolimatta Suomi on ulkoministeri Tannerin mielestä onnistunuttärkeimmässä tavoitteessaan: "Maan itsemääräämisoikeus on säilynyt koskemattomana". Saijassa jatkuu laukaustenvaihto vielä tulitauon jälkeen klo 14 saakka. Suomen lippu lasketaan Viipurin linnan tornin salosta klo 15.40.Talvisota päättyy. Raskaiden rauhanehtojen mukaan Suomi joutuu luovuttamaan sen kimppuun sotaa julistamatta hyökänneelle Neuvostoliitolle Karjalan kannaksen sekä Laatokan pohjoispuoliset alueet. Viipurin, Sortavalan ja Käkisalmen kaupungit liitetään Neuvostoliittoon. Suurin osa Sallasta joutuu Neuvostoliitolle, jolle vuokrataan myös Hanko 30 vuodeksi laivastotukikohdaksi. Kaikkiaan luovutettava alue on 35'000 neliökilometriä. Neuvostoliitolle luovutettava alue on kymmenesosa maamme pinta-alasta. Kotinsa menettää lähes 430'000 karjalaista, joka on 12 prosenttia maan väkiluvusta. New York Herald Tribunen mielestä Moskovan rauha on osoitus demokraattisten valtioiden kyvyttömyydestä auttaa pientä vapautta rakastavaa kansaa. Erityisesti lehti kohdistaa syytöksensä Yhdysvaltain kongressille, jonka hitaus ja epäröinti vaikeuttivat avun toimittamista taistelevalle Suomelle. Talvisodassa ehtii olla lottatyössä mukana 84 000 naista. Suurin osa heistä on muonituslottia, osa toimi rintamalla. 64 lottaa menettää henkensä työnsä ääressä. Suomalaisten tappiot ovat 21'396 kaatunutta, 1434 kadonnutta ja 43'557 haavoittunutta. Vihollisen menetykset ovat 200'000 kaatuneina ja 600'000 haavoittuneina. Fredsfördraget undertecknas
Vinterkrigets 105 dag, den 13 mars 1940 ^top^
Fredsfördraget angående vinterkriget undertecknas kl. 01 finsk tid i Kreml, Moskva. Sovjetplan bombar på förmiddagen Rovaniemi och Kemijärvi. Endast ett par timmar innan uppgiften om att fredsfördraget har slutits avgår det sista tåget med barn till Sverige från Helsingfors. Fredsfördraget träder i kraft på alla fronter kl. 11.00. Vårt eget artilleri, som starkt bidragit till Finlands avvärjningssegrar vid frontavsnitten i Taipale och Vuosalmi, tystnar när de blodiga striderna gör ett uppehåll kl. 11.00. Freden avbryter den finska 12. Divisionens motoffensiv i Kollaa. Striderna vid Juntusranta i riktning Suomussalmi som blivit ett ställningskrig avslutas med fiendens häftiga eldgivning från ställningarna i Kellojoki kl. 11.00. I ödemarken vid Grupp Talvelas södra flank fortsätter striderna hela dagen. Ingendera parten lyckas i tid informera sina trupper om freden. En fientlig bataljon försöker gå in bakom ryggen på Avdelning Roininen i Saija. I striderna lyckas finnarna omringa hela den ryska bataljonen. Utrikesminister Tanner håller ett radiotal kl. 12 där har redogör för freden som slutits och orsakerna som ledde till fred. Tanner lovordar den finska arméns och hemmafrontens uthållighet i en kamp som Finland var tvunget att föra ensamt. Utrikesministern kritiserar de nordiska grannländerna som hänvisande till sin neutralitet har nekat allt bistånd och samtidigt förhindrat hjälpen som erbjudits av de allierade. Utan militärt stöd hade Finland inte längre kunnat fortsätta kampen, och därför hade regeringen inget annat val än att sträva efter fred. Trots de stränga fredsvillkoren och de smärtsamma landavträdelserna har Finland enligt utrikesminister Tanner lyckats i sitt viktigaste mål: "Landets självbestämmelserätt är fortfarande okränkbar." I Saija avfyras skott ännu efter eldupphöret ända till kl. 14. Finlands flagga halas från tornet i Viborgs slott kl. 15.40.Vinterkriget är över. Enligt de tunga fredsvillkoren tvingas Finland avträda Karelska näset och områdena norr om Ladoga åt Sovjetunionen - inkräktaren som gick till attack utan krigsförklaring. Städerna Viborg, Sordavala och Käkisalmi ansluts till Sovjetunionen. Största delen av Salla går till Sovjetunionen, som också hyr Hangö som flottbas för 30 år framåt. Områdena som avträds är totalt 35'000 kvadratkilometer. De utgör en tiondedel av vårt lands yta. Nästan 430'000 karelare mister sina hem, vilket är 12 procent av landets befolkning. New York Herald Tribune skriver att freden i Moskva är ett bevis på de demokratiska staternas oförmåga att hjälpa ett litet frihetsälskande folk. Tidningen kritiserar speciellt USA:s kongress som med sitt långsamma och tveksamma beslutsfattande försvårade sändandet av hjälp till det stridande Finland. I Vinterkriget deltog 84'000 kvinnor i lottaarbetet. En stor av del av dem verkade inom provianteringen och en del arbetade vid fronten. 64 lottor miste livet. De finska förlusterna är 21'396 stupade, 1'434 försvunna och 43'557 sårade. Fiendens förluster är 200'000 stupade och 600'000 sårade. THE WINTER WAR, also called Russo-Finnish War (30 Nov 1939 – 12 Mar 1940), war waged by the Soviet Union against Finland at the beginning of World War II, following the conclusion of the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact (24 Aug 1939). After Finland had refused to grant the Soviets a naval base and other concessions in the fall of 1939, Soviet troops totaling about one million men attacked Finland on several fronts. The heavily outnumbered Finns put up a skillful and effective defense that winter, and the Red Army made little progress. In February 1940, however, the Soviets used massive artillery bombardments to breach the Mannerheim Line (the Finns' southern defensive barrier stretching across the Karelian Isthmus), after which they streamed northward across the isthmus to the Finnish city of Viipuri (Vyborg). Unable to secure help from Britain and France, the exhausted Finns made peace on Soviet terms on March 12, 1940, agreeing to the cession of western Karelia and to the construction of a Soviet naval base on the Hanko Peninsula. |
1928 Some 450 die in St Francisquito Valley Dam burst (Calif) 1922 Max Nonnenbruch, German artist born on 25 January 1857. 1915 Sergei J. Witte, 65, Dutch count/premier of Russia 1906 Susan Brownell Anthony, 86, US suffragist. 1903 Nicolas Beets [Hildebrand], 88, Dutch writer (Camera Obscura) 1901 Benjamin Harrison, 67, 23rd US President, in Indianapolis 1895: 402 as Spanish cruiser Reina Regente sinks off Gibraltar. 1895 Amos Gibson, Black, lynched in Monroe County, Georgia, accused of assaulting and raping a White woman. 1884 Siegfried Aronhold, mathematician
1855 John James Masquerier, British artist born in October 1778. 1854 Richard-Barrett Davis, British artist born in 1782. 1833 Hecht, mathematician. 1806 Gabriel-François Doyen, French artist born on 20 May 1726. 1711 Nicolas Boileau Despréaux, poeta francés. 1654 Jan van Balen, Flemish artist born on 21 July 1611. 1653 Simon Jacobszoon de Vlieger, Dutch painter born in 1600. MORE ON DE VLIEGER AT ART 4 MARCH with links to images. 1573 Michel de l'Hôpital, 65, chancellor of France (1560-68) 1569 Louis Condé, in battle, French prince, co-leader of Hugenots. 1516 Vladislav II Jagiello, 60, king of Bohemia (1490-1516) 1202 Mieszko III the Elder, grand duke of Poland (1173-77, 1200-02) 0859 Santos Rodrigo y Salomón. |
Births
which occurred on a March 13: 1974 Charles de Gaulle Airport opens near Paris France 1970 PDP-11 minicomputer introduced by Digital Equipment Corporation. 1943 Stephen Vincent Benet writer 1943 André Techine director/writer (Scene of the Crime, Rendez-Vous) 1942 José Barrionuevo Peña, político español. 1933 Paul Biya, presidente de Camerún. 1931 Rodrigo Rubio, escritor español. 1931 Wolfgang Kohlhaase Berlin, actor/director/writer (Solo Sunday) 1929 J D Slater writer 1927 Charles Sickman Corsen Dutch Antillean poet 1926 Raúl Alfonsín Argentine President (1983-89). 1925 Medardo Fraile Ruiz, escritor y profesor español. 1926 Carlos Roberto Reina, presidente de Honduras. 1922 Back to Methusaleh V, play by George Bernard Shaw, premieres in New York NY 1919 Kumi Sugaï, Japanese artist who died in 1996. 1917 Maria Vlamynck Flemish author 1913 William J. Casey, headed CIA during Iran-contra scandal (1981-87). He died on 06 May 1987.
1904 The Christ of the Andes, a bronze statue of Christ located on the Argentina-Chile border, is dedicated. 1900 George Seferis, Greek Nobel Prize-winning poet, essayist and diplomat who died on 20 September 1971. 1897 Marcel Thiry Belgian poet (Statue of Fatigue) 1896 Dorothy Aldis writer. 1892 Janet Flanner, US writer and Paris correspondent for The New Yorker. She died on 07 November 1978.
1887 Earmuffs are patented by Chester Greenwood of Maine. 1884 Sir Hugh S. Walpole New Zealand, novelist/critic/dramatist (Jeremy, Maradick at 40) 1884 Emanuel Stickelberger Swiss writer (Bluthochzeit) 1884 Oskar Loerke German writer (Longest Day-1926) 1881 Balthazar H Verhagen Netherlands/South African dramatist/writer. 1871 Drach, mathematician. 1870 William Glackens, US Ashcan School painter who died on 22 May 1938. MORE ON GLACKENS AT ART 4 MARCH with links to images. 1869 Ramón Menéndez Pidal, gran investigador del pasado literario e histórico de España. 1868 Émile Chartier Alain, à Mortagne-au-Perche (Orne), philosophe 1864 Alexei Jawlensky, Russian German Expressionist painter who died in 1941. LINKS Spanish Woman Meditation (The Prayer) Love 1858 Maximilien Luce, French Pointillist painter who died on 06 February 1941. MORE ON LUCE AT ART 4 MARCH with links to images. 1855 Percival Lowell, US astronomer who helped discover Pluto and believed that there was life on Mars. He died on 12 November 1916. 1852 Uncle Sam appears as a cartoon character in the New York Lantern. 1851 Berhard Wiegandt, German artist who died on 28 March 1918. 1846 Maria Magdalena, play by Friedrich Hebbel, premieres in Königsberg 1839 (or 1840?) Daniel Rigway Knight, US artist who died in March 1924. — links to images. 1825 Hans Fredrik Gude, Norwegian painter who died in 1903. MORE ON GUDE AT ART 4 MARCH with links to images. 1822 Moritz Grave von Strachwitz German poet. 1815 Hermanus Koekkoek Sr., Dutch marine painter who died on 05 November (14 Mar?) 1882. — links to images. 1793 Cotton gin is patented by Eli Whitney. 1781 Karl F Schinkel German architect/painter/writer (Schloss Tegel) 1781 Karl Friedrich Schinkel, German architect and painter who died on 09 October 1841. — more with links to images. 1774 baron Pierre-Narcisse Guérin, French Neoclassical painter who died on 16 July 1833. MORE ON GUÉRIN AT ART 4 MARCH with links to images. 1772 Emilia Calotti, play by Gotthold Lessing, premieres in Brunswick 1764 Charles Earl Grey, English Whig party leader and prime minister (1830-34) He died on 17 July 1845. 1741 Jozef II, archduke of Austria, Roman Catholic German emperor (1765-90) 1733 Joseph Priestley, England, clergyman, scientist, discovered oxygen, started organic chemistry. 1720 Charles Bonnet, Swiss naturalist and philosophical writer who died on 20 May 1793. 1634 Académie Française is created. 1615 Innocent XII pope (1691-1700) 1599 Johannes Berchmans Dutch Jesuit, saint. . |