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Nov 08|  HISTORY “4”
“2”DAY
|Nov 10 >> Events, deaths, births, of 09 NOV [For Nov 09 Julian go to Gregorian date: 1582~1699: Nov 19 1700s: Nov 20 1800s: Nov 21 1900~2099: Nov 22] |
2001 Osama bin Laden is taped gloating about the 11 September
attacks on the US. In a conversation with two aides and a Saudi sheik, Osama bin Laden contentedly recalls the 11 September 2001 suicide attacks against the US on a videotape that would be released on 13 December 2001 by the Pentagon. Bin Laden says that the destruction exceeded his estimates and "benefited Islam greatly." "I was the most optimistic of them all" in calculating the possible destruction, bin Laden says. He says that he had reckoned that burning jet fuel would "melt the iron structure" of the World Trade Center twin towers, but only above the point of impact. The hijackings were a martyrdom operation, bin Laden says , but those who carried them out didn't know the details until just before they boarded the planes. The sheik, identified by a US official as Saudi cleric Sheik Sulayman, praises bin Laden for "a great job" and appears to suggest that additional attacks may be planned. "No doubt it is a clear victory ... and Allah will give us blessing and more victory during this holy month of Ramadan," he says. (In 2001 most US Muslims celebrate the ending of Ramadan on Sunday 16 December). Bin Laden, often chuckling and animated, sits with his companions on the floor near the corner of a spare room against a white wall and a light brown wall. The tape, amateurish in quality, would be released as part of a US administration effort to support claims that bin Laden was the mastermind behind the attacks that killed nearly some 3000 in New York, Washington and Pennsylvania. The tape would be released as US warplanes intensify bombing aimed at members of bin Laden's al-Qaida network struggling for survival in the mountainous terrain of eastern Afghanistan, Bin Laden's whereabouts then unknown, a $25 million reward having been posted for information leading to his capture. Weeks before the release of the tape , the US administration officials appealed to broadcasters not to air videotapes made by bin Laden, so as to silence his propaganda, and because they might contain coded messages to his followers to carry out additional attacks. In the tape, bin Laden discusses some of the planning that led to the attacks, and says of others listining with him to US news broadcasts on 11 September: "They were overjoyed when the first plane hit the building. So I said to them: Be patient." The US administration would say that the tape was found in a house in Jalalabad after anti-Taliban forces moved in. It bears a date stamp that says it was made on 09 November, the day on which the northern Afghan city of Mazar-e-Sharif fell to the rebel northern alliance. On the tape, shortly after bin Laden enters the room, the sheik says: "You have given us weapons, you have given us hope and we thank Allah for you. Everybody praises what you did, the great action you did, which was first and foremost by the grace of Allah. This is the guidance of Allah and the blessed fruit of Jihad." The sheik informed bin Laden that another cleric had delivered a sermon in Saudi Arabia on 11 September 2001. "He said that this was jihad and that those people were not innocent victims." the sheik says References to jihad and Allah run throughout the videotape. Bin Laden at one point expresses satisfaction that at one location in Holland, "The number of people who accepted Islam during the days that followed the operations were more than ... in the last 11 years." Moments later, he says, "This event made people think (about true Islam) which benefited Islam greatly." Bin Laden also goes into some detail in discussing some of the events leading up to the suicide hijackings. "We calculated in advance the number of casualties who would be killed based on the position of the tower. We calculated that the floors that would be hit would be three or four floors. I was the most optimistic of them all. ... Due to my experience in this field, I was thinking that the fire from the fuel in the plane would melt the iron structure of the building and collapse the area where the plane hit, and all the floors above it only. This is all that we had hoped for." Bin Laden says, "The brothers who conducted the operation, all they knew was that they have a martyrdom operation and we asked each of them to go to America, but they didn't know anything about the operation. But they were trained and we did not reveal the operation to them until they are there and just before the boarded the plane." A man identified in the transcript as Muhammad (Atta) "...was in charge of the group," the transcript quotes bin Laden as saying. In Cairo, Atta's father, Mohamed al-Amir al-Sayed Awad Atta, would angrily dispute that. He says that he had not watched the tape, but, "All this is a forgery, a fabrication!". Similarly many Islamic extremists would say that it is a Hollywood production. 2000 The world still does not know who is the winner of the US presidential election of 07 November, as it depends on a recount in Florida and possible legal challenges. Contrary to what might happen in many other countries, no one expects the military to intervene. George W. Bush's lead over Al Gore in all-or-nothing Florida slips beneath 300 votes. Democrats throw the presidential election to the courts, claiming "an injustice unparalleled in our history." 2000 Five Russian military intelligence officers are brought to trial in Moscow for the 17 October 1994 briefcase bomb murder of investigative reporter Dmitry Kholodov, 27. 2000 Siete cabecillas de la banda terrorista GRAPO (Grupos de Resistencia Antifascista Primero de Octubre) son detenidos en París en una operación conjunta de la policía francesa y la guardia civil española. 2000 Mujer con los brazos cruzados, un cuadro de la época azul de Pablo Picasso subastado en la sala Christie's, alcanza un precio de venta cercano a los 11'000 millones de pesetas. 2000 At an Impressionist and modern art sale at Sotheby's, the expected highlight of the Sotheby's sale, Manet's Jeune fille dans un jardin which the auction house had estimated could set a record at $20 million to $30 million, just managed its low estimate, going to an anonymous telephone bidder for $20'905'750 including commission. The painting of a young woman in a garden who is wearing a bright blue coat and matching hat, which is among the artist's better known works, was the evening's top lot. MORE AT ART 4 NOVEMBER with the picture and links to other Manet images. 1999 Russia intensifies war against Chechnya (CNN) 1998 La Unión Europea decide crear un fondo de 17'000 millones de pesetas de ayuda a las víctimas del huracán Mitch que devastó el 24 Oct Centroamérica. 1998 India's government announces it will give up its monopoly on Internet service. It issues rules governing the licensing of private Internet service providers. The demand for Internet service in India had started to outstrip the ability of the state-owned Internet access service to handle the traffic, and users had complained of high prices. 1994 La primera ministra, Chandrika Kumaratunga, gana las elecciones presidenciales en Sri Lanka. 1993 Mexican Army Brigadier General José Francisco Gallardo Rodríguez, who had denounced human rights abuses by the Mexican military, after having been subjected to unjust judicial procedures and imprisonment since 1983, is arbitrarily detained and imprisoned, upon false accusations. Amnesty International would take up his case as that of a prisoner of conscience. but in vain. The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights would rule in Gallardo's favor on 15 October 1996, equally in vain. Pese a evidentes contradicciones de testigos de cargo y falta de pruebas inculpatorias, el 11 marzo 1997 fue injustamente sentenciado por un Consejo de Guerra a 14 años y ocho meses de prisión por los delitos de malversación en la modalidad de disposición indebida de vestuario, material y equipo, y destrucción de lo perteneciente al ejército, en la hipótesis de incineración de archivos. El 11 Apr 1998 fue sentenciado a otros 14 años, por el delito prefabricado de enriquecimiento ilícito, sumando así más de 28 años de prisión que tendrá que purgar en la cárcel. At long last, on 07 February 2002 Gallardo would be freed, Mexican President Vicente Fox having commuted his sentence to the 8 years already served, without rehabilitating him nor compensating him for the injustice done. |
1990 President Bush announces DOUBLING of US forces in Persian Gulf area. 1990 Mary Robinson, política y abogada irlandesa es elegida Presidenta de la República de Irlanda, la primera mujer que accede a tal puesto en la historia del país y la primera persona que promete transformar el cargo, hasta ahora honorífico y ceremonial. 1990 Nueva Constitución para Nepal, que restaura la democracia. 1990 Willy Brandt, presidente de honor del SPD, regresa a la República Federal con 193 rehenes retenidos hasta ahora en Irak. |
1989 East Germany opens the Berlin Wall
East German officials today opened the Berlin Wall, allowing travel from East to West Berlin. The following day, celebrating Germans began to tear the wall down. One of the ugliest and most infamous symbols of the Cold War was soon reduced to rubble that was quickly snatched up by souvenir hunters. The East German action followed a decision by Hungarian officials a few weeks earlier to open the border between Hungary and Austria. This effectively ended the purpose of the Berlin Wall, since East German citizens could now circumvent it by going through Hungary, into Austria, and thence into West Germany. The decision to open the wall was also a reflection of the immense political changes taking place in East Germany, where the old communist leadership was rapidly losing power and the populace was demanding free elections and movement toward a free market system. The action also had an impact on President George Bush and his advisors. After watching television coverage of the delirious German crowds demolishing the wall, many in the Bush administration became more convinced than ever that Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev's statements about desiring a new relationship with the West must be taken more seriously. Unlike 1956 and 1968, when Soviet forces ruthlessly crushed protests in Hungary and Czechoslovakia, respectively, Gorbachev actually encouraged the East German action. As such, the destruction of the Berlin Wall was one of the most significant actions leading to the end of the Cold War Several weeks after the resignation of Erich Honecker, East Germany's Communist head of state since 1976, the East German government opens it borders to West Germany, and allows thousands of its citizens to pass freely through the Berlin Wall. The Berlin Wall was first erected in 1961 to stem the flood of East German refugees escaping to democratic West Germany via the Western occupation zone in Berlin. Berliners from both sides of the infamous Cold War division greet the opening of the Berlin Wall with jubilation, and thousands celebrate by climbing on top of the wall, painting graffiti on its face, and removing fragments as souvenirs. The next day, East German troops begin dismantling the wall, and less than a year later, East and West Germany are formally reunited. La chute du Mur de Berlin Dans la nuit du 9 au 10, devant les caméras du monde entier, de jeunes Allemands de l'Est et de l'Ouest brisent le Mur de la honte qui sépare Berlin depuis le 13 Aug 1961. Ils prennent de court les dirigeants des deux bords qui ne s'attendaient pas à un enchaînement aussi rapide des évènements. Les Hongrois, touchés par la politique de glasnost (transparence) engagée depuis 1986 par le dirigeant sovietique Mikhail Gorbatchev, avaient annonce le 2 mai leur intention d'entrouvrir leur frontière avec l'Autriche. Des centaines d'Allemands de l'Est se precipitèrent alors en Hongrie dans l'espoir de bientôt passer à l'Ouest. En septembre, ils sont plusieurs milliers à s'enfuir de la sorte. En République Démocratique Allemande (RDA), à Leipzig puis dans les autres villes du pays, les opposants au communisme quittent le secret des temples luthériens et manifestent au grand jour. Le pouvoir vacille. Erich Honecker laisse la place à Egon Krenz. Mais rien n'arrête plus l'Histoire. Un million de manifestants à Berlin-Est entrainent la démission collective du gouvernement communiste le 7 novembre. Le soir du 09 novembre, à 22h15, des milliers de Berlinois masses près du Mur ouvrent un à un les postes frontière. En près de 30 ans, les redoutables garde-frontières est-allemands, les "vopos", ont tué 239 personnes qui tentaient de franchir le Mur. Cette fois, ils gardent l'arme au pied. Face à la politique d'ouverture engagée depuis 1986 par Mikhail Gorbatchev et à la désintegration de leur propre gouvernement, ils comprennent que leur temps est révolu. La chute du Mur (3,60 mètres de haut, 160 kilomètres de long et 300 miradors) met fin à cinquante ans de séparation et d'antagonismes entre les deux parties de l'Allemagne, la République Fédérale Allemande (RFA), sous influence occidentale, et la République Démocratique Allemande (RDA), sous domination sovietique. Les ideologies chavirent dans un enthousiasme débridé. Personne ne s'inquiète encore des lendemains difficiles de la réunification. Sans perdre de temps, le chancelier fédéral Helmut Kohl imposera une unification monétaire puis politiques des deux parties de l'Allemagne. L'unité sera officielle le 03 octobre 1990. Mais, en 1999, le vieux chancelier laissera à son successeur l'honneur d'inaugurer l'installation des pouvoirs publics à Berlin, qui fut déjà la capitale de l'Allemagne de 1871 à 1945. Mitterrand et la réunification allemande Le 3 novembre, dans une conférence de presse donnée en Allemagne, le président français declare: "Je n'ai rien contre la réunification". Mais, comme tout un chacun, il songe alors à une réunification très progressive. après la chute du Mur, Francois Mitterrand cache mal son irritation et ne donne aucun signe d'encouragement à son ami Helmut Kohl. Il craint que l'avenement d'une Allemande unie et puissante au coeur de l'Europe ne marginalise la France. Debut décembre, il rencontre Mikhail Gorbatchev à Kiev. Il echoue, semble-t-il, à le convaincre de freiner les ardeurs du chancelier ouest-allemand. Le 19 decembre, comme si de rien n'était, le président français effectue aupres du gouvernement moribond de Berlin-Est un voyage officiel qui était prévu de longue date. Non content de cette maladresse, François Mitterrand exige du chancelier ouest-allemand, en préalable à la réunification, une reconnaissance formelle de la frontière germano-polonaise issue de la dernière guerre. Pour les Allemands de l'Ouest en general, et Helmut Kohl en particulier, cette attitude qui met en doute leur pacifisme est ressentie comme une provocation. Il va de soi que ces nuages sur les relations franco-allemandes ne ralentissent en rien la course à la réunification. Ils témoignent simplement du décalage entre la réalité et la diplomatie française, qu'incarnent à ce moment-là François Mitterrand et son ministre Roland Dumas. 1989 C'est l'année clef de cette fin de siècle. La chute du Mur liquide les séquelles de la seconde guerre mondiale. Elle annonce en même temps la mort prochaine de l'URSS et du communisme. En janvier est mort l'empereur Hiro Hito, qui a règné sur le Japon depuis 1926. C'est le dernier des grands acteurs de ce siècle. Cependant que s'écroulent les régimes communistes d'Europe les uns après les autres, au Kosovo, un certain Milosevic fait un discours retentissant devant une foule de Serbes enthousiastes... De nouvelles formes de guerres se préparent cette année-là à l'insu de l'opinion mondiale. El canciller alemán, Helmut Kohl, llega a Varsovia con intención de permanecer seis días, pero suspende su visita al día siguiente, debido a los acontecimientos que se producen en Alemania. |
1988 Bush's electoral victory gave a boost to the dollar
for about one hour. Fears about the nation's budget and trade deficits,
as well as suspicions that the central banks had "propped-up" the drooping
dollar during the election season, cause the dollar to drop to its lowest
level in ten months, triggering declines in stock prices. 1986 Logra la alcaldía de Lima el candidato del APRA, Jorge del Castillo, apoyado por Alan García Pérez. 1985 Gary Kimovich Kasparov [13 April 1963-] of the USSR, becomes the 13th World Chess Champion, and the youngest ever, defeating his compatriot Anatoly Evgenievich Karpov, in Moscow. 1983 IBM and Hitachi settle out of court on Hitachi having stolen software stolen from IBM. IBM allegedly possessed a videotape that would have been "painfully embarrassing" to Hitachi. Hitachi reportedly agreed to pay some $300 million. Neither company would comment on the agreement. 1981 Se celebra en Argentina la primera manifestación contra el régimen desde el golpe militar de 1976. 1979 Manuel Fraga Iribarne es elegido presidente interino de Alianza Popular (AP) de España, cargo para el que fue ratificado en el III Congreso del partido celebrado en diciembre del mismo año. 1976 The UN General Assembly approved 10 resolutions condemning apartheid in South Africa, including one characterizing the white-ruled government as "illegitimate." 1976 Patrick Hillary es nombrado presidente de Irlanda. 1970 Trial of Seattle 8 anti-war protesters begins 1970 By a 6-3 vote, the US Supreme Court refuses to hear a suit by the state of Massachusetts in defense its citizens claiming protection under a state law that allowed them to refuse military service in an undeclared war (the Vietnam war in this case). 1968 Entra en vigor el acuerdo sobre libre circulación de los trabajadores entre los países miembros de la Comunidad Económica Europea. 1965 Ferdinand Marcos Edralin es elegido presidente de Filipinas.
1953 Cambodia (later called Kampuchea) gains independence within French Union Se proclama la independencia de Camboya, antes protectorado francés. 1949 Se promulga la Constitución vigente de Costa Rica.
1933 La aviación cubana hace causa común con los rebeldes para restablecer a Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Borja del Castillo en el poder. 1927 Giant Panda discovered, China 1925 Se fundan las Schutz Staffeln (SS) en el seno del Partido Nacionalsocialista Alemán y se constituyen en un grupo paramilitar de elite. 1923 Beer Hall Putsch NAZIs fail to overthrow government in Germany Fracasa en Alemania el intento de golpe de Estado, Putsch de Múnich, organizado por Adolf Hitler y Erich Ludendorff. |
1922 It is announced that the Nobel Prize in Literature
1922 will go to Jacinto Benavente y Martínez, born on 12 August 1866,
"for the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions
of the Spanish drama. He died on 14 July 1954. MORE
1921 En el congreso de ingenieros civiles reunido en Francia, Henri Bresier presenta un proyecto de túnel bajo el estrecho de Gibraltar. 1918 Bavaria proclaims itself a republic 1918 After German defeat in WW I Kaiser Wilhelm II announced he would abdicate. He then fled to the Netherlands. L'empereur allemand Guillaume II abdique et le socialiste Scheidemann proclame la [[!!bad link!!>>] %7Elarane/02060.htm" target="_blank">République. Préoccupé par la révolution qui menace d'emporter le pays, il va demander l'armistice aux Alliés deux jours plus tard. El emperador Guillermo II abdica tras la derrota de Alemania en la guerra. El diputado socialista Philipp Scheidemann proclama la República. 1918 El rey de España Alfonso XIII encarga a Alvaro de Figueroa y Torres conde de Romanones la formación de gabinete, pero éste declina tal ofrecimiento. Posteriormente hace lo mismo con Manuel García Prieto, marqués de Alhucemas. 1911 Arthur James count Balfour renuncia a la presidencia del Partido Conservador del Reino Unido. Lo reemplaza Andrew Bonar Law.
1903 The Dow-Jones Industrial Average drops to 42.15. Known as the "Rich Man's Panic," the fiscal crisis would drag on for the rest of the year, taking a severe toll on banks, as well as many steel and iron producers.
1862 US Grant issues orders to bar Jews from serving under him 1861 Battle of Piketon (Ivy Mountain), KY 1854 La villa de Tulancingo (del hoy Estado de Hidalgo, México), es elevada a la categoría de ciudad. 1820 Agustín de Iturbide asume el mando militar del Ejército del Sur. Las autoridades virreinales tienen como objetivo que éste combata y derrote a Vicente Guerrero y a Pedro Ascensio Alquisiras, únicos surianos que sostienen la lucha insurgente mexicana. 1799, Napoléon rentre à Paris et prend le pouvoir par le coup d'état du 18 Brumaire. Napoléon établit un nouveau gouvernement composé de trois consuls et un Sénat. Le Premier consul, Napoléon, a tous les pouvoirs. Napoleon becomes dictator (1st consul) of France Golpe de Estado del 18 de Brumario en Francia. Napoléon disuelve la Asamblea, deroga la Constitución y establece el Consulado. 1729 Firma del Tratado de Sevilla por el que Francia e Inglaterra garantizan a España los ducados de Toscana, Parma y Florencia. 1710 Carlos VI, Emperador de Alemania abandona Madrid y se dirige a Barcelona. Las medidas impopulares que había decretado provocaron el inicio de una contienda de guerrillas que acaba con su huida. 1526 Jews are expelled from Pressburg Hungary by Maria of Hapsburg. |
Deaths
which occurred on a November 09: 2003 Sgt. Nicholas A. Tomko, 24, of Pittsburgh PA.; he was the door gunner in a convoy vehicle undergoing a small arms attack in Baghdad, Irak. He was assigned to the 307th Military Police Company, U.S. Army Reserve. 2003 Muhanad al-Kaadi, head of the US-appointed municipal council in the poor, mainly Shiite, Sadr City annex to Baghdad, Iraq, shot by a US occupation soldier guarding the municipal building who stopped his car instead of letting him through. According to the US , “the driver” got out of the vehicle and attacked one of the guards, trying to grab his weapon; another soldier shot the man in the leg and he later died of his wounds. Later the US admits that the man was al-Kaadi, does not repeat the allegation that he attacked a US guard, but says that he died by his own fault for refusing “to follow instructions of the onsite security officer who was enforcing” regulations “in accordance with the rules of engagement.” Al-Kaadi, who spoke fluent English, had been trying to improve relations between the US occupiers and the 2 million residents of Sadr City. 2003: 17 Muslims, by at least two terrorist car bombs, just after midnight, in the west of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, at the B2 residential compound, which is in the Nakheel neighborhood near the Muhaya shopping center. Some 120 persons are injured. 5 of the dead and 36 of the injured are children. 2002 Israeli Sergeant-Major Madin Grifat, 23, by an explosion close to the Gaza Strip enclave settlement Netzarim, caused by Islamic Jihad to avenge Sawalhe [next]. 2002 Iyad Sawalhe, 28, shot by Israeli troops early in the morning in Jenin. Sawalhe was the head of Islamic Jihad's military wing in the northern West Bank and had been the main target of Israeli military incursions in Jenin over the previous two weeks. In revenge, Islamic Jihad militants would ambush and kill twelve Jewish enclave settlers in Hebron on 15 November 2002. 2002 Joshua Guimond, 20, is never seen alive again (except perhaps by secretive criminals), after shortly past midnight when he leaves a card game in an apartment at Metton Court on the north end of Saint John's University in St.Cloud, Minnesota (near I-94), where he was a junior, a political science major. 2001 Some 235 persons in flash floods in northern Algeria. 2000 Hussein Abayat, 33, and two women bystanders, by rocket fired from Israeli helicopter, in Beit Sahur, on the outskirts of Bethlehem. Several others were wounded. Abayat, who was driving a pickup truck, was targeted as a commander of the Tanzim paramilitary group active in the al-Aqsa intifada started on 28 September 2000.. 2000 Isa Tsuyev, 59, Russian-imposed Chechen mayor of Alkhan-Kala, near Grozny, Chechnya, killed by independentist guerillas. 1988 John N. Mitchell, 75, former US Attorney General, Watergate convict, heart attack in Washington 1980 Marie Germinova Toyen, Czech artist born on 21 September 1902. 1970 Charles André de Gaulle, 79, general, Free French leader, then French President . 1966 Rutherford, mathematician. 1963 Some 450 die in a coal-dust explosion and 160 die in train crash (Japan) 1953 Abdul-Aziz ibn Sa'ud , 73, founder of Saudi Arabia 1953 Dylan Thomas, 39, Scottish author-poet, in NY. 1952 Chaim Weizmann, 57, 1st President of Israel. 1947 Mariano Benlliure y Gil, escultor español. 1942 Graciano Ricalde Gamboa, en Mérida, Yucatán, profesor e ingeniero yucateco, quien a los 16 años se graduó de profesor en la Normal de su Estado. En 1910 realizó estudios sobre el cometa Haley. En 1923 hizo cálculos sobre el eclipse total de sol de ese año. Resolvió la ecuación general de 5º grado, por medio de funciones elípticas.
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1938: 91 Jews in the worst pogrom
in peacetime Germany, as Nazi thugs lead a "spontaneous" campaign of terror.
During the night 267 synagogues are plundered, 7500 shops are wrecked, 91
Jews are killed and 20'000 others are arrested and sent to concentration
camps. It would become known as "Kristallnacht"
because of the thousands of windows broken. All over Germany, Austria, and other Nazi-controlled areas, organized bands of Nazis destroy Jewish shops, burn synagogues, and beat, kill, or arrest thousands of Jews. The attack, known as Krystallnacht, or "Crystal Night," after all the broken glass littering the streets, comes two days after Herschel Grynszpan, a seventeen-year-old Jew living in France, shot and killed Ernst vom Rath, a member of the German embassy staff in Paris. Grynszpan was acting in retaliation for the poor treatment his father and family suffered at the hands of the Nazis in Germany. Nazi leader Adolf Hitler and Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels used the Paris shooting as an opportunity to begin a long-planned attack on Jews living in Nazi-controlled areas. Nazi troops and sympathizers destroyed and looted 7500 Jewish businesses, burned 267 synagogues, killed 91 Jews, and rounded up over 25'000 Jewish men, who are later sent to concentration camps. Three days later, the Nazi authorities declare that Jews must pay for the violence that they supposedly provoked, and they are charged one billion marks in damages for the murder of vom Rath, and six million marks to cover insurance fees for the destroyed shops. The reaction outside Germany is shock and outrage, and the US permanently removes its ambassador to Germany. La Nuit de Cristal La nuit du 9 au 10 novembre 1938 reste l'un des plus tristes moments de l'histoire allemande. De premières lois antisémites avaient déjà mis à l'écart les Allemands catalogués comme juifs. D'autres mesures leur avaient succédé: enregistrement des entreprises juives, carte d'identité spéciale, privation de passeport. Un mois tout juste après les accords de Munich, le Führer Adolf Hitler franchit un nouveau pas dans la voie de l'antisémitisme. Le prétexte est vite trouvé: des juifs polonais ont fui leur pays, où sévit un régime autoritaire et antisémite, pour s'installer... en Allemagne. Repoussés par le régime hitlérien, beaucoup errent à la frontière germano-polonaise et y trouvent la mort. Un jeune juif fils de deux de ces victimes, Gryspan, se venge en assassinant à Paris le conseiller d'ambassade von Rath. Cela sert de prétexte à un pogrom de très grande ampleur, à l'image des émeutes antijuives qu'encourageait au XIXe siècle l'administration du tsar. A l'annonce de la mort de von Rath, dans la soirée du 9 novembre, le ministre de la propagande, Joseph Goebbels, jette ses militants dans les rues. Les sections d'assaut nazies (SA), les SS et les Jeunesses hitlériennes s'en prennent aux synagogues et aux locaux des organisations israélites, ainsi qu'aux magasins et aux biens des particuliers. Les agresseurs sont pour la plupart en tenue de ville pour laisser croire à un mouvement populaire spontané. Près d'une centaine de personnes sont tuées à l'occasion de ce gigantesque pogrom. Une centaine de synagogues sont brûlées et 7500 magasins sont pillés. Avec un certain cynisme, les nazis donneront à ces premières violences antisémites planifiées en Allemagne le nom poétique de Nuit de Cristal, en référence aux vitrines et à la vaisselle brisées cette nuit-là. La communauté juive sera taxée d'une énorme amende pour cause de tapage nocturne (ça ne s'invente pas). 35'000 juifs environ seront aussi arrêtés et envoyés dans des camps. Ils seront pour la plupart libérés contre rançon. L'heure de leur extermination n'est pas encore venue. Hitler, non sans habileté, se conforme à une savante gradation ajustée à l'évolution des relations internationales. Ce n'est pas sans raison que la Nuit de Cristal survient un mois tout juste après les accords de Munich qui ont signé la défaite morale des démocraties. (voir un site d'images de l'Holocauste) |
1932 Some 25'000 in hurricane storm wave sweeping over
Santa Cruz del Sur, Cuba 1924 Henry Cabot Lodge, co-author (with Theodore Roosevelt) of Hero Tales From American History
1911 Howard Pyle, born on 05 March 1853, Pyle was a US illustrator, painter, and author, best known for the children's books that he wrote and illustrated. MORE ON PYLE AT ART 4 NOVEMBER with links to online books and images. 1898 Jerónimo Martínez Sánchez, grabador, fotógrafo, dibujante y pintor venezolano. 1890 César Auguste Franck, compositor belga. 1884 Henri Félix Emmanuel Philippoteaux, French artist born on 03 April 1815. 1865 Jacob Collamer, politician. COLLAMER ONLINE: Speech of Hon. J. Collamer, of Vermont, On Slavery in the Territories 1807 Augustin de Saint~Aubin, French artist born on 03 June 1736. more with links to images. 1778 Giovanni-Battista Piranesi, Italian draftsman, printmaker, architect, and art theorist, born on 04 October 1720. MORE ON PIRANESI AT ART 4 NOVEMBER with links to images. 1677 Aart (or Aernou) van der Neer, Dutch painter specialized in landscapes, born in 1603. MORE ON VAN DER NEER AT ART 4 NOVEMBER with links to images. 1605 date sometimes given for the death of Flemish painter Lodewyk Toeput Pozzoserrato, while the preferred date is 14 August 1603. MORE ON TOEPUT AT ART 4 AUGUST with links to images. 1601 Giovanni-Battista Ramenghi Il Bagnacavallo, Italian painter born in 1521. more with links to images. |
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Births which occurred on a November
09:
1935 The CIO. United Mine Workers chief John L. Lewis and a dozen fellow labor leaders announce the creation of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). An affiliate of the American Federation of Labor (AFL), the CIO was charged with pushing the cause for industrial unionism. Under Lewis' spirited, and sometimes confrontational, leadership, the CIO quickly scored a number of victories, carrying out successful organizing efforts in the steel, auto and other major mass production industries. 1934 Carl Sagan NYC, astronomer/author/professor (Cosmos, Broca's Brain) 1934 Ingvar Carlsson PM of Sweden (1986- ) 1932 Marian Christy Ridgefield CT, author (Invasions of Privacy) Newton MA, poet (Live or Die)
1922 Lakatos, mathematician. 1922 Lauro Olmo, dramaturgo español. 1921 El partido Nacional Fascista se funda en Alemania. 1918 Spiro Theodore Agnew (R) 39th US Vice-President (1973-77), crook, forced to resign. 1915 Sargent Shriver Dem VP candidate (1972)/directed Peace Corp 1906 Lopatynsky, mathematician. 1905 James William Fulbright (Sen-D-Mo) 1905 Abraham Albert, mathematician. 1903 Gregory Pincus, inventor (birth control pill) 1901 José Rodrigues Miguéis, narrador portugués. 1888 Jean Monnet, à Cognac. Le père de l'Europe est à maints égards le Français le plus remarquable de ce siècle. Il a mené de nombreuses actions en faveur de la paix et de l'union européenne, de 1914 à sa mort, en 1979. 1885 Hermann Weyl, mathematician. 1885 Kaluza, mathematician. 1883 Charles Demuth, US Precisionist painter, who died on 25 October 1935. MORE ON DEMUTH AT ART 4 NOVEMBER with links to images. 1877 Adolf Dietrich, Swiss artist who died on 04 June 1957. more with links to images. 1870 Francisco Carbajal y Gual, en la ciudad de Campeche. Como Secretario de Relaciones Exteriores del usurpador Victoriano Huerta, se hará cargo de la Presidencia de la República Méxicana del 15 Jul 1914 al 13 Aug 1914. Ha de morir el 30 Sep 1932 en la ciudad de México. 1869 Snyder, mathematician. 1854 Hugo Muhlig, German artist who died on 16 February 1929. 1847 Castigliano, mathematician. 1841 Edward VII king of England (1901-10) 1836 Samuel Hill,. Christian business traveler In 1899 Hill, John Nicholson and W.J. Knights co_founded the Gideons, a Christian organization that ministers through distribution of the Scriptures. To date, the Gideons have placed over 12 million Bibles and 100 million New Testaments. 1825 Ambrose Powell Hill, in Culpeper, Virginia, Confederate general during the US Civil War who was particularly active in the fighting around Washington, D.C. His force, called the "Light Division," was considered one of the best. He was killed at the battle of Petersburg on 02 April 1865. |
1802 Elijah P Lovejoy American newspaper publisher/abolitionist 1801 Robert Dale Owen, utopian, author. OWEN ONLINE: A New View of Society 1731 Benjamin Banneker Ellicott MD, black mathematician / surveyor (Wash DC) 1653 Jean-Baptiste Belin (or Blin) de Fontenay, French artist who died on 12 February 1715. |