1945 Tras la aceptación del Conferencia del acta de Chapultepec, Argentina declara la guerra a Alemania y Japón.
1944 Children's Aktion—Nazis collect all the Jewish children of Lovno
1944 1000 Jews leave Drancy, France, for Auschwitz Concentration Camp
1944 El Gobierno de Vichy autoriza la incorporación de franceses en la SS.
1941 Britain leases defense bases in Trinidad to US for 99 years
1940 Décision franco–britannique de ne pas conclure de paix ou d'armistice séparés.
1940 Himmler ordena la construcción del campo de concentración de Auschwitz.
1935 Entra en vigor la retirada de Japón de la Sociedad de Naciones.
1934 El Gobierno Alejandro Lerroux restablece la pena de muerte en España para contener el terrorismo y la inestabilidad social.
1933 Japón se retira de la Sociedad de Naciones.
1925 Cecil Kimber registered his first modified Morris car, the prototype of the MG. With their overhead cam engines, MG’s would be popular in the US as sports cars.
1920 El socialdemócrata Hermann Müller es nombrado canciller de la república de Weimar.
1918 Besarabia queda incorporada a Rusia.
1912 La Cámara de los Comunes británica aprueba una ley de salario mínimo para los mineros para dar respuesta a las promesas realizadas durante la huelga de la minería.
| 1912
Japanese cherry trees planted along the Potomac
^top^ In Washington, D.C., First Lady Helen Herron Taft, wife of President William Howard Taft, and the Viscountess Chinda, wife of the Japanese ambassador, plant two Yoshina cherry trees on the northern bank of the Potomac Tidal Basin, near the Jefferson Memorial. The event was held in celebration of a gift, by the Japanese government, of 3020 trees to the US government for planting along Washington’s Potomac River. The placement of blossoming cherry trees along the Potomac fulfilled a long and determined quest by travel writer and photographer Eliza Scidmore. In 1885, upon her return from a trip to Japan, Scidmore broached the idea of bringing the trees to the District of Columbia with US government officials, but the proposal fell on deaf ears. However, in 1909, the recent success of one hundred Japanese cherry trees planted in Chevy Chase, Maryland, inspired Scidmore to raise money for the trees herself and then donate them to the city. As a matter of course, she sent a note to the new First Lady Helen Herron Taft outlining her new plan. Helen Taft had once lived in Japan while her husband served as president of the Philippine Commission, and knowing the beauty of cherry blossoms, she greeted the proposal enthusiastically. Upon learning of the first lady’s plans, the Japanese consul in New York broached the idea of making a gift of the trees to the US government from the city of Tokyo. In January 1910, two thousand Japanese cherry trees arrived in Washington, but, unfortunately, they had become diseased during the trip from Japan. Yukio Ozaki, the mayor of Tokyo, met the distressing news with determination and good will. A private Japanese citizen again donated the costs for the trees, and 3020 specimens were taken from the famous collection on the bank of the Arakawa River in Adachi Ward, a suburb of Tokyo. On 26 March 1912, the trees arrived in Washington, and the next day, the first two trees were planted along the Tidal Basin in a formal ceremony. The rest of the trees were then planted along the basin, in East Potomac Park, and on the White House grounds. The blossoming trees proved immediately popular with visitors to Washington’s Mall area, and, in 1934, city commissioners sponsored a three-day celebration of the late March blossoming of the trees, which in later years grew into the annual Cherry Blossom Festival. After World War II, cuttings from Washington’s cherry trees were sent back to Japan to restore the Tokyo collection that were severely damaged by Allied bombing attacks during the war. |
1899 El ingeniero y físico italiano Guglielmo Marconi establece la primera conexión mediante telegrafía sin hilos entre Inglaterra y Francia.
1884 The first long-distance telephone call is made, between Boston and New York City.
1868 El canciller alemán, Bismarck, firma con el zar de Rusia un acuerdo por el que Rusia se comprometía a concentrar sus tropas en la frontera para y detener a las fuerzas de Austria-Hungría en caso de producirse un conflicto franco-prusiano.
1866 US President Andrew Johnson vetoes civil rights bill; it later becomes 14th amendment to the Constitution.
1865 Lincoln meets with Generals US Grant and William T. Sherman at City Point, Virginia
1865 Siege at Spanish Fort, Alabama continues
1863 Skirmish at Palatka, Florida.
1863 Confederate President Davis calls for this to be a day of fasting and prayer
1861 El Parlamento piamontés, reunido en Turín, declara a Roma capital de Italia, aunque hasta 1870 no entrarían en la ciudad las tropas de Víctor Manuel.
1855 The distillation of kerosene from petroleum is patented by Abraham Gesner [02 May 1797 – 29 April 1864]. Petroleum had previously been considered either a nuisance, or a miracle cure (by Amerindians first). Kerosene is a light fraction petroleum product refined from the raw petroleum. Kerosene is one of the lighter "distillates" in a petroleum refinery, lighter than gasoil/diesel, and often in the same mix with jet fuel (e.g., Jet A1). It has been used for lighting [in lanterns such as this >], cooling and refrigeration for one hundred years. Kerosene is found throughout the world, and is one of the most common lighting fuels in the developing world. It is also often used for cooking, primarily in urban areas in the developing world. It is used as an ingredient in lamp oils, charcoal starter fluids, jet engine fuels and insecticides. K-1 kerosene has a low sulfur content and is used in portable space heaters. Kerosene is a variable mixture usually of about 10 hydrocarbons, each containing from 10 to 16 carbon atoms per molecule, including n-dodecane, alkyl benzenes, and naphthalene and its derivatives. Kerosene saved the whales (by becoming a cheaper replacement for sperm oil).
| 1854
La guerre de Crimée est déclarée.
^top^ La France et le Royaume-Uni déclarent la guerre à la Russie. A l'origine du conflit, une querelle surréaliste entre Napoléon III et le tsar Nicolas Ier. Chacun veut protéger les Lieux Saints de Jérusalem, partie intégrante de l'empire turc. Comme le sultan semble donner la préférence à Napoléon III, le tsar détruit sa flotte et envahit les provinces roumaines. Il en profite pour combattre les tribus insoumises du Caucase, en particulier les Tchétchènes. Napoléon III et la reine Victoria font cause commune avec le sultan. C'est la première fois depuis... le divorce d'Aliénor d'Aquitaine, 700 ans plus tôt, que Français et Anglais s'apprêtent à combattre ensemble!!! La flotte franco-anglaise s'engage dans la mer Noire. Les alliés remportent une victoire sur les bords de l'Alma avant de mettre le siège devant Sébastopol, puissante forteresse russe dans la presqu’île de Crimée. Le fait le plus marquant de ce siège éprouvant est la «charge de la brigade légère» de lord Cardigan, qui repousse une attaque cosaque au prix de très lourdes pertes. On retient aussi le dévouement de Florence Nightingale, une Britannique de 34 ans qui organise avec talent des hôpitaux de campagne. Après la prise de Sébastopol, les Russes, épuisés, demandent la paix. Napoléon III exulte. Il espère renouer avec la gloire militaire de son oncle… — Francia e Inglaterra, como aliadas de Turquía para el mantenimiento de la integridad del imperio otomano, declaran la guerra a Rusia, lo que da origen al conflicto de Crimea. |
| 1836
First Mormon temple dedicated
^top^ In Kirtland, Ohio, Joseph Smith, founder of the Mormon religion, dedicates the first Mormon temple. Later in the day, Smith leads his first religious service at the church, built to accommodate the fifty Mormon families he led from New York to escape religious persecution. In 1823, Smith, born in Vermont in 1805, claimed that he been visited by a Christian angel named Moroni who told him about an ancient Hebrew text that had lost been lost for 1500 years. The holy text, supposedly engraved on gold plates by a Native-American historian in the fourth century, related the story of Jewish peoples who had lived in America in ancient times. The belief in a divine revelation posterior to the New Testament (which also exists among Muslims, among others) is what makes the Mormons a non-Christian religion. Over the next six years, Smith dictated an English translation of this text to his wife and other scribes, and, in 1830, The Book of Mormon was published. In the same year, Smith founded the Church of Christ, later known as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, in Fayette, New York. The religion rapidly gained converts and Smith set up Mormon communities in Ohio, Missouri, and Illinois. However, the sect was also heavily criticized for its unorthodox practices and, on 24 June 1844, Smith and his brother were murdered in a jail cell by an anti-Mormon mob in Carthage, Illinois. Two years later, Smith’s successor, Brigham Young, led an exodus of persecuted Mormons from Nauvoo, Illinois, along the western wagon trails in search of religious and political freedom. In July 1847, the 148 initial Mormon pioneers reached Utah’s Valley of the Great Salt Lake. Upon viewing the valley, Young declared, "this is the place," and the pioneers began preparations for the tens of thousands of Mormon migrants who would follow. |
1803 Par la loi du du 7 Germinal an XI, le Premier consul Napoléon Bonaparte donne une base stable à la monnaie née de la Révolution en définissant la nouvelle pièce de 1 Franc par “5 grammes d'argent au titre de neuf dixièmes de fin”. Une pièce en or de 20 francs est également créée sous le nom de “Napoléon”.
1802 Treaty of Amiens:: French Revolutionary War ends. — Francia firma la Paz de Amiens con Inglaterra, por la que España recupera Menorca y cede Trinidad.
1794 US President Washington and Congress authorized creation of the US Navy.
 1625
 Charles
I ascends to the British throne
^top^ Charles was born on 19 November 1600. Upon the death of his father, King James I, Charles I becomes the king of England, Scotland, and Ireland. In the first year of his reign, Charles offends his Protestant subjects by marrying Henrietta Maria, a Catholic French princess. He later responds to increasing political opposition to his rule by dissolving Parliament on several occasions, and, in 1629, decides to rule entirely without Parliament. In 1642, the bitter struggle between king and Parliament for supremacy leads to the outbreak of the first English civil war. The Parliamentarians are led by Oliver Cromwell, whose formidable Ironsides force win an important victory against the king’s Royalist forces at Marston Moor in 1644 and at Naseby in 1645. As a leader of the New Model Army in the second English civil war, Cromwell helped repel the Royalist invasion of Scotland, and, in 1646, Charles surrenders to a Scottish army. In 1648, Charles is forced to appear before a high court controlled by his enemies, where he is convicted of treason and sentenced to death. On 30 January 1649, Charles is beheaded in London, England. The monarchy is later abolished, and Cromwell assumes control of the new English Commonwealth. In 1658, Cromwell dies and is succeeded by his son, Richard, who is forced to flee to France in the next year with the restoration of the monarchy and the crowning of Charles II, the son of Charles I. Oliver Cromwell is posthumously convicted of treason and his body is disinterred from its tomb in Westminster Abbey and hanged from the gallows at Tyburn. — Anthony van Dyck made Charles I more impressive than life in his portraits: Charles I at the Hunt (1635, 266x207cm) — Charles I at the Hunt (1635, 266x207cm) — Charles I on Horseback (1635, 365x289cm) — Charles I from three angles (1636) — Charles I from three angles (1636) — Charles I (1636) — Charles I of England and Henrietta of France — Charles I and Queen Henrietta Maria with Charles, Prince of Wales and Princess Mary (1632) |
1512 Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León sights Florida.
1123 Finaliza el primer concilio ecuménico universal, bautizado como Concilio de Letrán, celebrado por la Iglesia de Occidente a instancias del papa Calixto II.
1863
Mito Umeta, Japan, who would die on 31 May 1975.
1813
Nathaniel Currier, lithographer, founder of Currier & Ives
firm which mass-produced hand-colored lithographic prints. — 
